“…The air voids are usually larger than the capillary pores [10 nm to 10 mm (Mindess, Young, & Darwin, 2003)] of the cementitious systems, and ideally are isolated from each other but connected with the capillary pore systems of the cementitious matrix (Litvan, 1988;Sutter, Van Dam, & Thomas, 2007). Entrained air voids that remain unsaturated in service can release pressure for the expansive ice formation under the freezing temperature (Fagerlund, 1977;Farnam, Bentz, Sakulich, Flynn, & Weiss, 2014;Li, Pour-Ghaz, Castro, & Weiss, 2012;Pinto & Hover, 2001). …”