Water Conductivity Sensor based on Coils to Detect Illegal Dumpings in Smart Cities

Rocher, Javier; Basterrechea, Daniel A.; Taha, Miran; Parra, Mar; Lloret, Jaime

doi:10.1109/fmec.2019.8795341

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…We selected a relation of spires based on the results of previous works [33], so that all three prototypes were composed of 40 spires in the PC and 80 spires in the IC. The copper wire used had a diameter of 0.4 mm.…”

Section: Description Of the Prototypes And Its Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Sensor Based on Magnetic Fields for Monitoring the Concentration of Organic Fertilisers in Fertigation Systems

et al. 2020

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In this paper, we test three prototypes with different characteristics for controlling the quantity of organic fertiliser in the agricultural irrigation system. We use 0.4 mm of copper diameter, distributing in different layers, maintaining the relation of 40 spires for powered coil and 80 for the induced coil. Moreover, we develop sensors with 8, 4, and 2 layers of copper. The coils are powered by a sine wave of 3.3 V peak to peak, and the other part is induced. To verify the functioning of this sensor, we perform several simulations with COMSOL Multiphysics to verify the magnetic field created around the powered coil, as well as the electric field, followed by a series of tests, using six samples between the 0 g/L and 20 g/L of organic fertiliser, and measure their conductivity. First, we find the working frequency doing a sweep for each prototype and four configurations. In this case, for all samples, making a sweep between 10 kHz and 300 kHz. We obtained that in prototype 1 (P1) (coil with 8 layers) the working frequency is around 100 kHz, in P2 (coil with 4 layers) around 110 kHz, and for P3 (coil with 2 layers) around 140 kHz. Then, we calibrate the prototypes measuring the six samples at four different configurations for each sensor to evaluate the possible variances. Likewise, the measures were taken in triplicate to reduce the possible errors. The obtained results show that the maximum difference of induced voltage between the lowest and the highest concentration is for the P2/configuration 4 with 1.84 V. Likewise, we have obtained an optimum correlation of 0.997. Then, we use the other three samples to verify the optimum functioning of the obtained calibrates. Moreover, the ANOVA simple procedure is applied to the data of all prototypes, in the working frequency of each configuration, to verify the significant difference between the values. The obtained results indicate that there is a significate difference between the average of concentration (g/L) and the induced voltage, and another with a level of 5% of significance Finally, we compare all of the tested prototypes and configurations, and have determined that prototype three with configuration 1 is the best device to be used as a fertiliser sensor in water.

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Section: Description Of the Prototypes And Its Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Sensor Based on Magnetic Fields for Monitoring the Concentration of Organic Fertilisers in Fertigation Systems

et al. 2020

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A Low‐Cost Sensor for Detecting Illicit Discharge in Sewerage

Rocher

Parra

et al. 2021

Journal of Sensors

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The presence of illicit discharges in sewerage systems generates an important impact in wastewater treatment plants and the ecosystem. In this paper, we present two prototypes for monitoring the presence of solids in wastewater and to study the effect of the water height. The prototypes are based on color and infrared LEDs and two photosensors located in the prototypes at 0° and 180° degrees. When the photosensor is located at 180°, all color LEDs present a good range of output voltage (approximately 5 V to 0 V) and good R2. However, for the typical concentration of solids in wastewater, the prototypes do not work correctly. When the photosensor is located in the prototypes the LEDs, yellow, red, and white have a good operation with voltage differences of 1.73 V, 1.76 V, and 1.13 V in P1 and 1.58 V, 1.84 V, and 1.35 V in P2, respectively. We calculate the mathematical model with the heights and solid concentration. The mathematical models which do not consider height present good R2. In conclusion, when the photosensor is located in the prototype, the height does not have an important effect and can detect the illicit discharge of solids. When the photosensor is located at 180°, it can be used for water with important changes in solid concentrations.

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Water Conductivity Sensor based on Coils to Detect Illegal Dumpings in Smart Cities

Cited by 2 publications

References 12 publications

New Sensor Based on Magnetic Fields for Monitoring the Concentration of Organic Fertilisers in Fertigation Systems

New Sensor Based on Magnetic Fields for Monitoring the Concentration of Organic Fertilisers in Fertigation Systems

A Low‐Cost Sensor for Detecting Illicit Discharge in Sewerage

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