Water Deficit during Pit Hardening Enhances Phytoprostanes Content, a Plant Biomarker of Oxidative Stress, in Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Abstract

No previous information exists on the effects of water deficit on the phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) content in extra virgin olive oil from fruits of mature olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Cornicabra) trees during pit hardening. PhytoPs profile in extra virgin olive oil was characterized by the presence of 9-F1t-PhytoP, 9-epi-9-F1t-PhytoP, 9-epi-9-D1t-PhytoP, 9-D1t-PhytoP, 16-B1-PhytoP + ent-16-B1-PhytoP, and 9-L1-PhytoP + ent-9-L1-PhytoP. The qualitative and quantitative differences in PhytoPs content with respect to those reported by other authors indicate a decisive effect of cultivar, oil extraction technology, and/or storage conditions prone to autoxidation. The pit hardening period was critical for extra virgin olive oil composition because water deficit enhanced the PhytoPs content, with the concomitant potential beneficial aspects on human health. From a physiological and agronomical point of view, 9-F1t-PhytoP, 9-epi-9-F1t-PhytoP, and 16-B1-PhytoP + ent-16-B1-PhytoP could be considered as early candidate biomarkers of water stress in olive tree.

The phytoprostane content in green table olives is influenced by Spanish-style processing and regulated deficit irrigation

“…A consequence of this enhanced reactive oxygen species formation in plants is the formation of an array of lipid peroxidation products, including the PhytoPs (Thoma et al, 2003). Moreover, the increase of PhytoPs content in treated and raw olive fleshes by deficit irrigation effect (Table 2) was in agreement with previous results in which water deficit during pit hardening (phase II of fruit growth) enhanced PhytoPs content in extra virgin olive oil (ColladoGonz alez, Perez-L opez, et al, 2015), and confirmed that phase II of fruit growth phenological period can be non-critical considering fruit yield or fruit size (Moriana et al, 2013) but is clearly critical not only for PhytoPs content in olive oil (Collado-Gonz alez, Perez-L opez, et al, 2015) but also for PhytoPs content in treated and raw olive fleshes (Table 2). In raw olive flesh, the fact that the first-order linear relations between total PhytoPs and each PhytoP content and SI values in all cases showed significant coefficients of determination and higher than those obtained with min J stem (Table 3) showed SI as a better predictor for PhytoPs content and that the length of water stress instead of maximum stress is a key factor in the content of these compounds.…”

“…These bioactive compounds act as endogenous mediators capable of protecting cells from damage under various conditions related to oxidative stress (Loeffler et al, 2005), they play a role in regulation of immune function (Barden, Croft, Durand, Guy, & Mueller, 2009;Traidl-Hoffmann et al, 2005) and display potent anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-inducing activities similar to other prostanoids (Durand et al, 2011). There are some qualitative and quantitative studies on the PhytoPs profile in different vegetable oils Collado-Gonz alez, Perez-L opez, et al, 2015;Karg et al, 2007). However, no previous information has been provided concerning PhytoPs occurrence in olive fruit flesh, and the effect of the deficit irrigation during early fruit growth (phase I) or pit hardening (phase II) on these compounds.…”

Dependency of Phytoprostane Fingerprints of Must and Wine on Viticulture and Enological Processes

“…Separation of the phytoprostanes present in the samples was performed using a UHPLC coupled to a 6460 QqQ-MS/MS (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany), as previously described. 12 Each sample was analyzed in triplicate. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a BEH 156 2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm, C 18 column (Waters, Milford, MA, USA).…”

Valorization Strategy of Banana Passion Fruit Shell Wastes: An Innovative Source of Phytoprostanes and Phenolic Compounds and Their Potential Use in Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries

“…Each banana passion fruit shell sample was analyzed in triplicate using a UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) as previously described [16]. For chromatography separation to column BEH C 18 …”

“…They have been found in Arabidopsis thaliana (leaves), Helianthus annuus (sunflower, seed), Olea europaea (olive oil), Vitis vinifera (grape seed oil, wine and must), Prunus dulcis (almond), among others [11,15,16,17,18,19]. However, there is not enough information collected about phytochemical composition (polyphenols and PhytoPs) in a banana passion fruit shells.…”