Water hardness effect on the association and adsorption of cationic cellulose derivative/anionic surfactant mixtures for fabric softener application

Li, Yuqi; Ma, Shengyan; Fang, Xin; Wu, Chunxian; Chen, Hongling; Zhang, Wanqing; Cao, Meiwen; Liu, Jianguo

doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127031

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Although the formulation of ordinary cleaners is stable, they are not specific designed (Gong et al, 2022). For example, washing with hard water will be worse, (i.e., the dirt will not be cleaned thoroughly), and it will easily cause environmental pollution and other problems (Danby et al, 2018;Li et al, 2021). The existing cleaning agents with professional cleaning functions have a narrow cleaning range, and also have disadvantages such as high cost, slow cleaning of dirt, damage to solid surface paint, and harmful solvents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology

Yang

Gong

et al. 2023

Environ Dev Sustain

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High-speed rail has been operating in more than 25 countries (mainly in Asia, Europe and North America), and has become an important part of global economic development. However, the cleaning and maintenance of high-speed rail is a comprehensive task, which may easily cause environmental pollution. This study aims to analyze and improve the sustainability of the formulation and production process of a concentrated complex enzyme detergent used as the maintenance agent for high-speed trains via the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The eFootprint software system with built-in China, European and Swiss Ecoinvent databases was used to establish the LCA model with the system boundary being from cradle to gate. The LCA model showed that the production of 1 kg of concentrated detergent generates the global warming potential of 2.53 kg CO 2 eq, and other environmental emissions including acidification potential of 0.01 kg SO 2 eq, eutrophication potential of 3.76E-03 kg PO 4 3− eq, inhalable inorganic matter of 3.17E-03 kg PM2.5 eq, ozone depletion potential of 5.3E-06 kg CFC-11 eq, photochemical ozone formation potential of 3.44E-03 kg NMVOC eq, primary energy demand of 3.17 MJ, abiotic depletion potential of 4.97E-6 kg antimony eq, and water use of 0.84 kg. LCA results are not strongly dependent to the assumptions of the research, and the uncertainties of LCA results are between 8 and 16%, which is mainly due to the regional differences in technology sources, the year of technical data collection, and the representativeness of technology collection companies. Carbon footprint analysis showed that the production processes of enzyme stabilizer (glycerol) and surfactants contributed the most, while changes in power consumption during production and transportation distance of raw materials had limited effect on total carbon emissions. Therefore, the formulation of the concentrated complex enzymatic detergent was improved based on the LCA results. The new formulations with less enzyme stabilizer showed similar detergency to the original formulation. The new formulations could reduce carbon emissions by 5,500–9,200 tons per year and save between $4.4 and $7.4 million in annual production of 10,000 tons. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-03122-2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology

Yang

Gong

et al. 2023

Environ Dev Sustain

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“…Earlier studies have been shown that arsenic has a considerable affinity for the surface of iron oxyhydroxide in untreated water [4,5]. Aluminum and aluminium (hydr)oxide, poly-meric ligand exchangers, dolomite, iron oxides, mesoporous silicates, zeolite, furnace slag, red mud, and other forms of adsorbents have all been studied as potential arsenic removal agents [6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified paddy husk carbon with linked fibrils of FeHO₂ using aluminium as surface regulator for enhanced As (III) removal in fixed bed system

Ahmad¹,

Gautam²,

Sawood³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The As (III) uptake capacity of Fe impregnated AC greatly depends on availability of active surface sites of Iron Oxide, which is determined by the surface area of the anchoring particles. In this context, utilizing Al as a surface regulator, we proposed a process to attach linked fibrils of FeHO₂ with the objective of developing an adsorbent with enhanced As (III) adsorption capacity. The procedure was based on hydrothermal process using paddy husk based AC, and both Iron and aluminium ions in the test hydrolysis solution. By a dynamic approach that would enable an industrial-scale treatment, fixed column adsorption tests were conducted to enhance the generation of cleaner effluents and further study the primary mechanisms involved in the adsorption process. CCD was employed to evaluate the interactions between various operating process variables and their effects on the breakthrough time for optimization of As (III) adsorption process. The exhaust time was observed to rise with increasing dose, falling flow rate, and influent concentration. The CCD optimization result showed that the FeAlPBC was an efficient and cost effective adsorbent with a maximum response of 1681 min, when the independent parameters were retained at 15.0 g FeAlPBC dose, 500 µg/L influent concentrations, 2.0 mL/min flow rate, and a desirability value of 0.986. To further comprehend the primary adsorption mechanisms, the breakthrough curves were predicted by application of the test data in the Thomas, Adam-Bohart, Yoone-Nelson, and Advection diffusion models. The experimental results and Thomas and Advection diffusion models were in good agreement. 0.1 M NaOH solution was used to regenerate the columns. The FeAlPBC samples can be recycled upto four cycles with little to no reduction in adsorption capacity. Also, the TCLP test demonstrated that the used FeAlPBC were inert and could be put into landfills without risk. In conclusion, FeAlPBC is a strong contender for removing As (III) from potable water and has a wide range of potential future applications.

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“…Recently, many studies on the hydration structure of cotton and related materials have been published [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Experimental techniques to observe and analyze the dynamics of water molecules differ in wet or dry states.…”

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The existence of bound water under naturally dried conditions has been implied through more straightforward information obtained from atomic force microscopy and atomic force microscopyinfrared spectroscopy [3]. The hydrogen-bonding state of the bound water distinct from that of the bulk water indicates a relationship between the microscopic nature of the bound water and the macroscopic mechanical behavior of cotton fabric [3,4]. Our previous study [11] also suggested that the hydration structure of cotton cloth was characterized by the heterogeneity, implying a close relationship of the spatial distribution of water molecules with its physical properties.…”

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractal water structures affected by softener agent in cotton cloths

et al. 2022

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Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) measurements were performed on cotton cloth samples with softener agents in natural environments, and a recent analytical technique of fractal analysis refined in dielectric spectroscopy was used for water structures. Three relaxation processes observed in the GHz, MHz, and kHz regions were attributed to the dynamic behaviors of hydrogen-bonding networks (HBNs) of water and interacting molecules, hydrated polymer chains, and ions restricted in the interfaces of large structures. Fractal analysis of the GHz region suggested that the GHz frequency process was retained, even in the dry state, revealing a broad spatial distribution of HBN fragments of various sizes. This typical tendency for heterogeneous hydration in cotton cloth was emphasized by the addition of a softener agent, as the value of Cole–Cole’s relaxation time distribution parameter changed from 0.55 to 0.41. The addition of the softener agent still retained the GHz frequency process, even in the dry state. This result means that the softener inhibited the formation of hydration sites on the cellulose surface and induced the dispersion of hydration sites. Thus, HBNs are fragmented by the softener agent. On the other hand, water molecules still aggregate to retain HBNs in a restricted area. The heterogeneous dispersion of HBN fragments broadens the GHz relaxation process, and the lower-frequency tail overlaps with the lower relaxation process because of chain dynamics with interacting water molecules. The structure formed by these water molecules, which is restricted by polymer chains and related to the stiffening effect of cotton fabric, is also heterogeneously hindered by the appropriate concentration of the softening agent. These indications were also consistent with the T2 relaxation time obtained using the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill method of nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and are consequently reflected in the hydration model for macroscopic properties of cotton fabric. Graphical abstract

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Water hardness effect on the association and adsorption of cationic cellulose derivative/anionic surfactant mixtures for fabric softener application

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology

Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology

Modified paddy husk carbon with linked fibrils of FeHO₂ using aluminium as surface regulator for enhanced As (III) removal in fixed bed system

Fractal water structures affected by softener agent in cotton cloths

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