Water purification systems: a comparative analysis based on the occurrence of disinfection by-products

Gibbons, Juel S.; Laha, Shonali

doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00097-4

Cited by 55 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A splitless mode injector (HewlettPackard, USA) was used at temperature of 200°C and a linearized nickel electron capture detector (ECD) (Hewlett-Packard) was used at temperature of 290°C. The make-up gas was N 2 , at flow rate of 30 ml min −1 (Gibbons & Laha, 1999;Hautman & Munch, 1997).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies provided protocols employed to develop models applied to waters treatments (Sohn et al, 2004;Sohn et al, 2001;Uyguner et al, 2004). Other authors have been studied the levels of THM in drinking water from different sources including non-chlorinated (bottled water, residential well water and river water) (Gibbons & Laha, 1999) and chlorinated waters (drinking water) (Chaidou et al, 1999;Gibbons & Laha, 1999;Thacker et al, 2002;Villanueva et al, 2003;Whitaker et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring the Trihalomethanes Present in Water After Treatment with Chlorine Under Laboratory Condition

Paim

Souza

Adorno

et al. 2007

Environ Monit Assess

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In this work assays involving chlorinated water samples, which were previous spiked with humic substances or algae blue green and following the production of the THMs for 30 days is described. To implement the assays, five portions of 1,000 ml of water were stored in glass bottles. The water samples were treated with solutions containing 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg l(-1) chlorine. The samples aliquots (60 ml) were transferred into the glass vials, 10 ml were removed to have a headspace and 100 microl of the 10 mg l(-1) pentafluortoluene bromide solution was added to each vial. The extraction step was performed by adding 10 g of Na(2)SO(4) followed by 5 ml of n-pentane. The vials were stopped with a TFE-faced septum and sealed with aluminum caps. The generated THMs were determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detector using reference solutions with concentration ranging from 8 to 120 microg l(-1) THMs. Three assays were monitored during 30 days and chloroform was the predominant compound found in the water samples, while other species of THMs were not detected. The results showed that when the chlorine concentration was increased in water samples containing algae the concentration of THM varied randomly. Nevertheless, in water samples containing humic substances the increase of the THM concentration presented a relationship with the chlorine concentration. It was also observed that chloroform concentration increased with the elapsed time up to one and six days to water samples spiked with humic substances and algae blue green, respectively and decreased along 30 days. By other hand, assays performed using water samples containing decanted algae material showed that THM was not generated by the chlorine addition.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the Trihalomethanes Present in Water After Treatment with Chlorine Under Laboratory Condition

Paim

Souza

Adorno

et al. 2007

Environ Monit Assess

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“…However, bottled waters from supermarkets are not necessarily chloroform-free. Gibbons & Laha (1999) For many years this district has been notorious as the hot-bed of epidemics. This is easily explained, when the foulness of the streets, the dense crowding in some parts, and the nearly total absence of drainage and house-cleansing, are considered.…”

Section: Costs To the Individualmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Historical Review of the Benefits and Hypothetical Risks of Disinfecting Drinking Water by Chlorination

Cheung¹

2017

JEE

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This review examines the benefits and alleged risks associated with the disinfection of drinking water by chlorination, through critical appraisal of the historical saga of chloroform as the main disinfection by-product (DBP). The author maintains that the provision of clean drinking water is a survival issue for humankind and supports unreservedly the recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations to disinfect by chlorination, for the reasons stated herein. The author aims to lead water professionals to a deeper understanding of the public health issues concerning chloroform and how the corpus of knowledge was attained by colossal multi-disciplinary effort on a global scale.Origins of the alleged risks of chlorination are traced and the assumptions behind these allegations are questioned. The author welcomes and encourages innovations for improved methods of water treatment insofar that the standards of potability set out by the WHO are met in the very least, but argues that the commencement point of research into new techniques should be an acknowledgment of the development of disinfection up to contemporary times, on the part of water engineers and policy makers. There must be a clear recognition of the horrific consequences of failure to eliminate pathogens and toxic substances. To this effect, landmark tragedies are described to emphasize the point.Significantly, this work addresses topics which are sine quo non to the debate over chlorination but which are often lacking in public discourse, namely: differences in the way cytochrome P450 enzymes oxidize carbon tetrachloride which is not normally a product of chlorination, and chloroform, which is a disinfection by-product; the role of free radical scavengers in protecting the human body; the difficulties of extrapolating experimental results from rodents to humans; the awareness of the complex relationship between

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“…It is also presented in treated potable water [4][5][6], indeed misinterpretation of the significance of this chloroform content led one government health authority to stop treating drinking water with disastrous consequences [7]. The sources of most of the environmental flux are poorly characterized and the purpose of this work is to draw together the current state of knowledge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption Application for Removal of Hazardous Chloroform from Aqueous Solution by Nanocomposites Rectorite/Chitosan Adsorbent

Li¹,

Zhou

Ding³

2011

JWARP

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A novel nanocomposite bioadsorbent rectorite/chitosan was prepared by controlling different mass ratios of chitosan to rectorite using the water phase intercalation technique. The structure of the bioadsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The results showed that the chitosan had been inserted into the rectorite layer successfully. The adsorption properties of the nanocomposite adsorbent toward CHCl 3 from aqueous solution were investigated. Adsorption results showed that both nanocomposite adsorbents with weight ratio of rectorite to chitosan of 3:1 and 5:1 exhibited higher adsorption capacities.

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Water purification systems: a comparative analysis based on the occurrence of disinfection by-products

Cited by 55 publications

References 8 publications

Monitoring the Trihalomethanes Present in Water After Treatment with Chlorine Under Laboratory Condition

Monitoring the Trihalomethanes Present in Water After Treatment with Chlorine Under Laboratory Condition

A Historical Review of the Benefits and Hypothetical Risks of Disinfecting Drinking Water by Chlorination

Adsorption Application for Removal of Hazardous Chloroform from Aqueous Solution by Nanocomposites Rectorite/Chitosan Adsorbent

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