Water quality concern in the Amaravathi River Basin of Karur district: a view at heavy metal concentration and their interrelationships using geostatistical and multivariate analysis

Abstract

Several textile and bleaching industries in the city of Karur, discharge their effluent and was mixed with municipal sewage let into the river Amaravathi at different discharge points. Concentration of trace elements (Cd, Pb, and Ni) exceeded their permissible limits (.003, .01, and .02 ppm, respectively) prescribed by the World Health Organization. C d (Degree of contamination) and HEI (Heavy metal evaluation index) values were calculated, C d value of 50% samples have <4 indicates low degree of contamination and for groundwater samples only one-third samples were observed in low pollution and the remaining samples fall in medium to high degree of pollution. HEI value indicates that the average value (12.510, 12.514, and 12.164) of both the samples were above the low pollution range. Good positive correlations observed for Mn, Ni, and Fe with r value from .522 to .913. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the data and to identify possible sources of these heavy metals. Three factors for surface water and two factors for groundwater were extracted, where the first three factors account for approximately 58.7% of the total variance of the data-set. The results of groundwater samples show that the factor 1 and 2 accounted for 74.508 and 71.261% of the total variance. The data thus obtained are a sign of anthropogenic and mineral source for these elements in river and groundwater. The spatial distribution map based on ordinary kriging showed that elevated concentrations of heavy metals were located in the upper and down streams of the Amaravathi River basin. The dominance of heavy metals in groundwater and surface water of the Amaravathi river followed the sequence as

Groundwater quality assessment using multivariate statistical technique and hydro-chemical facies in Birbhum District, West Bengal, India

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Reduced graphene oxide as effective adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in groundwater of Amaravathi River basin, Tamil Nadu

“…The major economic crops cultivated in this area are jowar (22.60%), paddy (16.30%), groundnut (6.90%), sugar cane (6.40%) and banana (5.30%). The total geographical area is 2,89,557 ha of which area employed in cultivation is 1,14,554 ha, 37,264 ha land put into nonagricultural uses (Ahamed and Loganathan, 2017) and remaining are engaged in other activities (Table 1). The available data indicates that an area of about 54,709 ha, which is about 18.90% of the total geographical area of the district is in irrigated agriculture.…”

Assessment of groundwater quality with special emphasis on nitrate contamination in parts of Varanasi City, Uttar Pradesh, India

“…Unwarranted NO 3 − intake in drinking water has been linked with the risk of methemoglobinemia or 'blue baby syndrome' in humans, stomach cancer and nitrate poisoning in animals (Mason 2002;Raju et al 2009;Stadler et al 2012). Several researchers have studied on hydrogeochemistry, groundwater contamination and its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes in different basins, urban and rural areas (Gowd 2005;Umar et al 2009;Singh et al 2011;Prasanth et al 2012;Alaya et al 2014;Raju et al 2014Raju et al , 2016Patel et al 2016;Ahamed and Loganathan 2017). Hence, the endeavor of the current study is to assess the hydrogeochemistry and fitness of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes of the study area based on different indices, i.e., WQI, salinity, percent sodium, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), Kelly's ratio and magnesium ratio.…”