Water Quality Index as a tool for assessing the water quality of the Laguna de Bay from 2020 to 2021

Abstract

Laguna de Bay (LdB) is a primary freshwater resource that provides multiple ecosystem services. The Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) oversees the periodic monitoring of LdB’s water quality. Data collected by the LLDA can be used to assess LdB’s status using an easily understandable metric. In this study, Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to assess LdB’s quality based on seven parameters (fecal coliform, nitrate, inorganic phosphate, ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and pH) measured and recorded by the LLDA from 2020 to 2021. Data from eight major monitoring stations were used to explore how the seven parameters link the stations as well as to compute the WQIs. The lowest WQIs (excellent quality) were obtained using the data representing the end of 2020 for all eight stations, while the highest WQIs (good - poor quality) were obtained for the data measured towards the end of 2021 for Stations I, II, and XVI. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the stations had relatively similar environmental influences and overall water quality. Station groupings correspond with the computed WQIs. Stations that had unconventional placements in the biplots (Q3-Q4 of 2021 for Stations I and XVI and Q2 of 2021 for Station V, classified as outliers), correspond to the time points where the lowest water quality was noted. Overall, WQI values are concordant with the water and land use type of the stations. WQI is a useful tool for indicating water quality and is valuable in evaluating LdB and other freshwater resources.