“…First flush phenomena were found to occur scarcely (Saget et al 1996) consequently improving the theoretical potential of PB-RTC. Catchment specific dynamics should always be considered and integration of continuous monitoring, such as turbidity measurements as a means of understanding pollution dynamics, is a necessary first step towards PB-RTC (Suárez & Puertas 2005;Lacour et al, 2009) as long as accurate short-term predictive models cannot deterministically predict these dynamics (Willems, 2006;Jia et al 2021).…”
Real Time Control (RTC) is widely accepted as a cost-effective way to operate urban drainage systems (UDS) effectively. However, what factors influence RTC efficacy and how this might change in the long term remains largely unknown. This paper reviews the literature to understand what these factors likely are, and how they can be assessed in the future. Despite decades of research, inconsistent definitions of the performance of RTC are used, hindering an objective and quantitative examination of the benefits and drawbacks of different control strategies with regard to their performance and robustness. Furthermore, a discussion on the changes occurring and projected to occur to UDS reveals that the potential impact of these changes on the functioning of RTC systems can be significant and should be considered in the design stage of the RTC strategy. Understanding this ‘best-before’ characteristic of an RTC strategy is the key step to ensure long term optimal functioning of the UDS. Additionally, unexplored potential for RTC systems might exist in the transitions, rehabilitation and construction of drainage systems. The research gaps highlighted here could guide the way for further development of RTC strategies, and enabling more optimal, long term implementation of RTC for urban drainage systems.
“…First flush phenomena were found to occur scarcely (Saget et al 1996) consequently improving the theoretical potential of PB-RTC. Catchment specific dynamics should always be considered and integration of continuous monitoring, such as turbidity measurements as a means of understanding pollution dynamics, is a necessary first step towards PB-RTC (Suárez & Puertas 2005;Lacour et al, 2009) as long as accurate short-term predictive models cannot deterministically predict these dynamics (Willems, 2006;Jia et al 2021).…”
Real Time Control (RTC) is widely accepted as a cost-effective way to operate urban drainage systems (UDS) effectively. However, what factors influence RTC efficacy and how this might change in the long term remains largely unknown. This paper reviews the literature to understand what these factors likely are, and how they can be assessed in the future. Despite decades of research, inconsistent definitions of the performance of RTC are used, hindering an objective and quantitative examination of the benefits and drawbacks of different control strategies with regard to their performance and robustness. Furthermore, a discussion on the changes occurring and projected to occur to UDS reveals that the potential impact of these changes on the functioning of RTC systems can be significant and should be considered in the design stage of the RTC strategy. Understanding this ‘best-before’ characteristic of an RTC strategy is the key step to ensure long term optimal functioning of the UDS. Additionally, unexplored potential for RTC systems might exist in the transitions, rehabilitation and construction of drainage systems. The research gaps highlighted here could guide the way for further development of RTC strategies, and enabling more optimal, long term implementation of RTC for urban drainage systems.
“…Increasing the number of inputs, that is, decision variables and design interventions (e.g., nature‐based solutions), allows to explore more alternatives, consider uncertainty, or assess multiple scenarios. On the other hand, the output of the optimization is leaning toward complex objectives such as multi‐objective robustness (e.g., Kasprzyk et al., 2013), multiple technical performance metrics (e.g., Fu et al., 2013), pro‐active maintenance (Kumar et al., 2018), complex water quality indicators (Jia et al., 2021), and human values (Doorn, 2021). Multi‐objective optimization allows identifying solutions balancing trade‐offs among objectives, for instance, cost and resilience (Wang et al., 2015).…”
Urban water networks (UWNs) comprise drinking water distribution and urban drainage systems (WDS and UDS). The former are responsible for supplying drinking water to cities and the latter for evacuating wastewater and stormwater runoff. These infrastructures are a fundamental part of the city and are directly linked to its development (Brown et al., 2009). Each of these systems faces challenges to improve and maintain quality service in a dynamic urban environment under a widening range of climatic conditions; especially, in a climate-changing situation. Designing, optimizing, and intervening in these systems requires approximating their hydraulic behavior. Many models have been developed in the past years for simulating UWNs, for example, SOBEK (Deltares, n.d.), WaterCAD (Bentley®, n.d.), EPA-SWMM (Rossman, 2010), among others. Traditional modeling approaches are either based on accurate description of the physical processes (e.g., EPANET;Rossman et al., 2000) or rely on simplified conceptual models (e.g., SIMPOL;Dempsey et al., 1997); nonetheless, the former usually entail computationally expensive calculations while the latter lack fidelity, that is, level of detail. Applications such as optimization, real-time modeling, and uncertainty analysis need efficient models for evaluating the performance
“…Su et al 2019 ), the evolution of fate and exposure models (e.g. Bonnell et al 2018 ; Di Guardo et al 2018 ), as well as available sewer models to estimate wastewater parameters (Jia et al 2021 ). To avoid duplication and in view of the aims of our study, we focus here on four models that have been specifically developed to model the fate of CECs in sewers.…”
Section: Integrated Fate Modelling Of Cecs In Sewersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3 , Table 4 ) are currently the only ones available to model in-sewer fate of organic CECs as defined for this research. Three models were chosen from the review by Jia et al ( 2021 ) and one more recent model was added upon reviewing recent literature (search terms in SI1). Fig.…”
Section: Integrated Fate Modelling Of Cecs In Sewersmentioning
The use of chemicals by society has resulted in calls for more effective control of their emissions. Many of these chemicals are poorly characterized because of lacking data on their use, environmental fate and toxicity, as well as lacking detection techniques. These compounds are sometimes referred to as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Urban areas are an important source of CECs, where these are typically first collected in sewer systems and then discharged into the environment after being treated in a wastewater treatment plant. A combination of emission estimation techniques and environmental fate models can support the early identification and management of CEC-related environmental problems. However, scientific insight in the processes driving the fate of CECs in sewer systems is limited and scattered. Biotransformation, sorption and ion-trapping can decrease CEC loads, whereas enzymatic deconjugation of conjugated metabolites can increase CEC loads as metabolites are back-transformed into their parent respective compounds. These fate processes need to be considered when estimating CEC emissions. This literature review collates the fragmented knowledge and data on in-sewer fate of CECs to develop practical guidelines for water managers on how to deal with in-sewer fate of CECs and highlights future research needs. It was assessed to what extent empirical data is in-line with text-book knowledge and integrated sewer modelling approaches. Experimental half-lives (n = 277) of 96 organic CECs were collected from literature. The findings of this literature review can be used to support environmental modelling efforts and to optimize monitoring campaigns, including field studies in the context of wastewater-based epidemiology.
Graphical abstract
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