Water Reuse Guidelines for Recreation

Eslamian, Saeid; Eslamian, Faezeh; Eslamian, Alireza

doi:10.1201/b19646-21

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The selected settings for the different mixing and sedimentation conditions were chosen to represent improving flocculation/sedimentation conditions, ranging from; (i) no sedimentation (Fe-EC only), (ii) Fe-EC and settling without flocculation (no flocculation), (iii) inadequate flocculation (poor flocculation), (iv) suboptimal flocculation (semi-orthokinetic), and (v) optimal flocculation (full orthokinetic). The latter represents standard orthokinetic flocculation conditions as recommended for municipal drinking water or chemical wastewater treatment throughout the design literature. − For experiments without flocculation or sedimentation, (Fe-EC only) bulk liquid samples were collected immediately after the current was removed, while for the rest of the assays, supernatant samples were collected after the 4 h sedimentation stage.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection during Iron Electrocoagulation: Differentiating between Inactivation and Floc Entrapment for Escherichia coli and Somatic Coliphage ØX174

et al. 2022

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Electrochemical water treatment is gaining increasing popularity due to its wide range of potential applications, its decreasing costs, and its suitability as a decentralized treatment alternative, but mainly due to it being considered a ”green technology”. In the field of municipal wastewater treatment, the use of iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) has been marginal and although disinfection has been reported, its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, for which significant controversy remains. In this study, microbial inactivation during Fe-EC was evaluated as a two-component process, namely, physical removal by microbial floc sorption/entrapment, and inactivation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by (semi)Fenton reactions. Using the fecal indicators Escherichia coli WR1 and somatic coliphage ØX174 suspended in a synthetic water matrix, the role of ROS and the role of flocculation were quantitatively evaluated. Fenton inhibitor TEMPOL was used to quench ROS production during Fe-EC. At circumneutral pH, ROS were found to be highly detrimental to E. coli, yet only mildly damaging for phage ØX174 (≈3.9 log10 and ≈0.8 log10 inactivation, respectively). Inactivation for both indicators increased under acidic conditions (pH 5.5), likely due to the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), exceeding 5.1 log10 for E. coli and 1.5 log10 for phage ØX174. The ROS inactivation pathway is linked to the oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe2+), being independent of flocculation settings. Experiments involving different flocculation settings demonstrated that there is a strong positive correlation between orthokinetic-like flocculation conditions, floc sedimentation, and microbial removal, meaning that floc entrapment is a major removal pathway following Fe-EC. When compared to control experiments in which no proper flocculation stage was introduced, orthokinetic flocculation produced additional 3.1 log10 and 4.4 log10 removal for E. coli and phage ØX174, respectively. We conclude that ROS production is not a prerequisite for removal of E. coli and phage ØX174, however, it does offer an additional disinfection barrier, which increases the robustness of Fe-EC for water treatment.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection during Iron Electrocoagulation: Differentiating between Inactivation and Floc Entrapment for Escherichia coli and Somatic Coliphage ØX174

et al. 2022

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“…The monthly variations are presented in table 5 and figures 10 and 11, with a 20% increase and a 30% decrease in solar radiation, the simulated runoff increased by 0.09 and 0.73 cubic meters per second, repectively [144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159]. …”

Section: Effect Of Solar Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity Analysis of Runoff Model by SWAT to Meteorological Parameters: A Case Study of Kasillian Watershed, Mazandaran, Iran

2017

International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Scien

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“…Sustainable freshwater management is vital for the environment and human health. Climate change, industry, urbanization, population growth, and chemical pollution can cause water problems worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions 1 – 3 . Water-related issues have afflicted the Middle Eastern, Central Asian, and certain Southeast Asian states.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many countries have adopted eco-friendly water management techniques and explored alternative water supply sources to mitigate the adverse effects of the water shortage 2 – 4 . Some methods for water management and combating freshwater problems include conservation and reuse of water and purification of brackish groundwater and saltwater 1 – 4 . Therefore, countries strive to find alternative water supplies to supplement freshwater sources i.e., groundwater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated management of groundwater quantity, physicochemical properties, and microbial quality in West Nile delta using a new MATLAB code and geographic information system mapping

Shehata,

Zaid,

Al-Goul

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Groundwater is an excellent alternative to freshwater for drinking, irrigation, and developing arid regions. Agricultural, commercial, industrial, residential, and municipal activities may affect groundwater quantity and quality. Therefore, we aimed to use advanced methods/techniques to monitor the piezometric levels and collect groundwater samples to test their physicochemical and biological characteristics. Our results using software programs showed two main types of groundwater: the most prevalent was the Na–Cl type, which accounts for 94% of the groundwater samples, whereas the Mg–Cl type was found in 6% of samples only. In general, the hydraulic gradient values, ranging from medium to low, could be attributed to the slow movement of groundwater. Salinity distribution in groundwater maps varied between 238 and 1350 mg L−1. Although lower salinity values were observed in northwestern wells, higher values were recorded in southern ones. The collected seventeen water samples exhibited brackish characteristics and were subjected to microbial growth monitoring. Sample WD12 had the lowest total bacterial count (TBC) of 4.8 ± 0.9 colony forming unit (CFU mg L−1), while WD14 had the highest TBC (7.5 ± 0.5 CFU mg L−1). None of the tested water samples, however, contained pathogenic microorganisms. In conclusion, the current simulation models for groundwater drawdown of the Quaternary aquifer system predict a considerable drawdown of water levels over the next 10, 20, and 30 years with the continuous development of the region.

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Water Reuse Guidelines for Recreation

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Disinfection during Iron Electrocoagulation: Differentiating between Inactivation and Floc Entrapment for Escherichia coli and Somatic Coliphage ØX174

Disinfection during Iron Electrocoagulation: Differentiating between Inactivation and Floc Entrapment for Escherichia coli and Somatic Coliphage ØX174

Sensitivity Analysis of Runoff Model by SWAT to Meteorological Parameters: A Case Study of Kasillian Watershed, Mazandaran, Iran

Integrated management of groundwater quantity, physicochemical properties, and microbial quality in West Nile delta using a new MATLAB code and geographic information system mapping

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