Water–Rock Interactions, Genesis Mechanism, and Mineral Scaling of Geothermal Waters in Northwestern Sichuan, SW China

Lv, Guosen; Zhang, Xu; Wei, Denghui; Yu, Zhongyou; Yuan, Xingcheng; Sun, Minglu; Kong, Xiangxinyu; Zhang, Yunhui

doi:10.3390/w15213730

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 55 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In the Ca 2+ vs. SO 4 2− diagram, the samples fell below the y = x line, illustrating that the higher Ca 2+ content contradicted the likelihood of gypsum dissolution (Figure 9c) [54]. Furthermore, the Ca 2+ and HCO 3 − ratio could serve as an indicator of the origin of carbonate rocks.…”

Section: Ion Ratio Analysismentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In the Na + /Cl − ratio analysis, the majority of samples diverged from the y = x line, signifying the improbability of halite dissolution (Figure 9a) [53]. In the Ca 2+ vs. SO4 2− diagram, the samples fell below the y = x line, illustrating that the higher Ca 2+ content contradicted the likelihood of gypsum dissolution (Figure 9c) [54]. Furthermore, the Ca 2+ and HCO3 − ratio could serve as an indicator of the origin of carbonate rocks.…”

Section: Ion Ratio Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Hydrochemical Appraisal and Driving Forces of Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risks of Nitrate in Typical Agricultural Area of Southwestern China

Liu,

Yang,

Chen

et al. 2023

Water

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Elucidating the hydrogeochemical processes and quality assessment of groundwater holds significant importance for its sustainable development. In this paper, 53 groundwater samples were collected from a typical agricultural area in the northeastern Chongqing municipality in SW China. The integration of multivariate statistical analysis, ion ratio analysis, geomodelling analysis, the entropy water quality index, health risks assessment, and sensitivity analysis was carried out to explore the hydrochemical processes and quality assessment of groundwater in this study. The statistical results reveal that the cationic concentrations followed the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+, while the anionic components were in the order of HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > Cl−. Based on the Piper trilinear diagram, the hydrochemical types were shown as Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 types. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the groundwater samples could be categorized into three groups. The hydrochemical compositions were primarily influenced by water–rock interactions (e.g., carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering). In terms of irrigation suitability, the sodium adsorption ratios (SARs) ranged from 0.05 to 1.82, and the electrical conductivity (EC) varied from 116 to 1094 μs/cm, indicating that most groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation. The entropy-weighted water quality index ranged from 15 to 94, suggesting that the groundwater samples were suitable for drinking purposes. Non-carcinogenic human health risks followed the order of children > adult females > adult males, within the average values of 0.30, 0.21, and 0.18, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters had the weight order of NO3 > body weight (BW) > ingestion rate (IR) > exposure frequency (EF). Hence, we recommend prioritizing the management of areas with high salinity levels, while avoiding the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers, raising awareness among local residents about safe groundwater, and providing robust support for the sustainable development of groundwater in typical agricultural areas.

show abstract

Section: Ion Ratio Analysismentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Ion Ratio Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

Hydrochemical Appraisal and Driving Forces of Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risks of Nitrate in Typical Agricultural Area of Southwestern China

Liu,

Yang,

Chen

et al. 2023

Water

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Studying their hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics can provide a profound understanding of geothermal systems [18][19][20]. This includes revealing the source, circulation mechanism, and reservoir characteristics of geothermal water [21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Representative High-Temperature Hydrothermal Activities in the Himalaya Geothermal Belt (HGB): A Review and Future Perspectives

Li,

Hao,

Liu

et al. 2024

Water

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Southern Tibet and western Yunnan are areas with an intensive distribution of high-temperature geothermal systems in China, as an important part of the Himalayan Geothermal Belt (HGB). In recent decades, China has conducted systematic research on high-temperature geothermal fields such as Yangbajing, Gudui, and Rehai. However, a comprehensive understanding has not yet been formed. The objective of this study was to enhance comprehension of the high-temperature geothermal system in the HGB and to elucidate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of geothermal fluids. This will facilitate the subsequent sustainable development and exploitation of domestic high-temperature hydrothermal geothermal resources. To this end, this study analysed geothermal spring and borehole data from the Yangbajing, Gudui, and Rehai geothermal fields. Based on previous research results, the source, evolution, and reservoir temperature characteristics of geothermal fluids are compared and summarised. The main high-temperature geothermal water in the geothermal field is derived from the deep Cl-Na geothermal fluid. Yangbajing’s and Gudui’s geothermal waters are primarily recharged by snow-melt water, while Rehai’s geothermal water is mainly recharged by local meteoric water. The average mixing ratios of magmatic water in the Yangbajing, Gudui, and Rehai geothermal fields are 17%, 21%, and 22%, respectively. The Yangbajing and Gudui geothermal fields have a relatively closed geological environment, resulting in a stronger water–rock interaction compared to the Rehai geothermal field. As geothermal water rises, it mixes with shallow cold water infiltration. The mixing ratios of cold water in the Yangbajing, Gudui, and Rehai geothermal fields are 60–70%, 40–50%, and 20–40%, respectively. Based on the solute geothermometer calculations, the maximum geothermal reservoir temperatures for Yangbajing, Gudui, and Rehai are 237 °C, 266 °C, and 282 °C, respectively. This study summarises and compares the hydrogeochemical characteristics of three typical high-temperature geothermal fields. The findings provide an important theoretical basis for the development of high-temperature geothermal resources in the Himalayan Geothermal Belt.

show abstract

Hydrochemical Characterisation and Genesis Mechanism of Li‐Rich Geothermal Waters in the High‐Temperature Geothermal Areas of Western Sichuan, China

Yuan,

Zhang,

Huang

et al. 2024

Geological Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lithium (Li) is a valuable resource with significant economic benefits and strategic importance. The extraction of Li from Li‐rich geothermal fluids has low production costs and may be an essential source of Li in the future. The Li contents in the high‐temperature geothermal systems of western Sichuan are high (most exceeding 1 mg/L) and reach the exploration standard. However, the Li source and enrichment processes of high‐temperature geothermal fluids are not well known. Therefore, 30 groups of natural hot springs with Li ≥ 1 mg/L from Batang, Litang, and Kangding high‐temperature geothermal systems were selected to analyse the Li enrichment mechanism in high‐temperature geothermal water. The average exposed temperatures of Batang, Litang, and Kangding geothermal waters were 82.4°C, 53.7°C, and 61.9°C, respectively, and the hydrochemical types were HCO3‐Na. The average concentrations of Li in the geothermal waters of Batang, Litang, and Kangding were 2.32, 3.29, and 3.54 mg/L. Based on the δD and δ18O characteristics, the geothermal waters in the study area originated from meteoric water and snow‐melt water. Magmatic water was also mixed during circulation, with Kangding geothermal water being the most mixed (25.0%). Strong water–rock interactions occurred during geothermal water runoff ascent, including silicate mineral dissolution, geothermal gas dissolution, and cation exchange. The deep reservoir temperatures in the geothermal systems of Batang, Litang, and Kangding were estimated to be 239°C, 200°C, and 242°C, and the shallow reservoir temperatures were 175°C, 86°C, and 116°C. Finally, two Li enrichment mechanisms were proposed: (1) Li in the geothermal waters of Batang and Litang geothermal systems mainly came from the leaching of lepidolite and spodumene during water–rock interactions. (2) Li in the Kangding geothermal system mainly originated from the input of magmatic water. This research deepens the understanding of Li enrichment mechanisms in high‐temperature geothermal systems, which will be helpful for the exploration of geothermal Li resources.

show abstract

Water–Rock Interactions, Genesis Mechanism, and Mineral Scaling of Geothermal Waters in Northwestern Sichuan, SW China

Cited by 5 publications

References 55 publications

Hydrochemical Appraisal and Driving Forces of Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risks of Nitrate in Typical Agricultural Area of Southwestern China

Hydrochemical Appraisal and Driving Forces of Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risks of Nitrate in Typical Agricultural Area of Southwestern China

Representative High-Temperature Hydrothermal Activities in the Himalaya Geothermal Belt (HGB): A Review and Future Perspectives

Hydrochemical Characterisation and Genesis Mechanism of Li‐Rich Geothermal Waters in the High‐Temperature Geothermal Areas of Western Sichuan, China

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About