The mechanism, or hypothesis, of how a plant might be adapted to drought should strongly influence experimental designs. For instance, an experiment testing for water conservation should be distinct from a damage tolerance evaluation. Here we define four new, general mechanisms for plant adaptation to drought, so that experiments can be more easily designed based upon the definitions. A series of experimental methods are suggested along with appropriate physiological measurements related to the drought adaptation mechanisms. The suggestion is made that the experimental manipulation should match the rate, length, and severity of soil water deficit needed to test the hypothesized type of drought adaptation mechanism.