Dedicated to Professor Dr. Roland Zimmermann on the occasion of his 60th birthday Inhomogeneous broadening is a long standing issue in the physics of nanostructures, in that it prevents the detailed assessment of their electronic and optical properties, and limits the performances of nanostructure based devices. Advances in scanning probe spectroscopies have recently permitted to overcome this problem, thus opening the way to a detailed understanding of the single nanostructure properties, by virtue of their unsurpassed capability to inject carriers or photons at local scale. In particular, luminescence spectroscopy and current-voltage spectroscopy following highly localized carrier injection by a scanning tunneling microscope into a single quantum dot (QD), are the methods of choice to overcome the inhomogeneous broadening effects due to size and compositional non-uniformity. In this way one can map the eigenstates of a single dot, elucidate the relationships between carrier injection, capture and recombination, investigate the dynamics of single-dot filling, the formation of excitons and charged excitons, the occurrence of dot-dot interactions leading to molecular states, and the diffusion of charges into neighboring dots in a grand ensemble.
IntroductionThe optical properties of single, isolated InGaAs self-organized QDs, have been intensively investigated in recent years. The characteristic sharp narrow lines of single-dot spectra have been identified and associated with the population of the atomic-like energy level scheme of a single, isolated QD [1-3]. However, the complexities of the ensemble QD system, such as variations in dot size, shape, composition and nearest-neighbor distance [4] together with the complex energy relaxation processes [5], inter-dot carrier and excitation transfer [6], make the prediction of the optical properties quite difficult. Hence, a study of the QD luminescence following highly localized carrier injection into the QD ensemble by a scanning tunneling microscope, allows the relationship between carrier density, energy and subsequent QD capture to be examined, beyond the inhomogeneous broadening issues.Scanning tunneling induced light emission has been reported by several groups ([7, 8] and references therein). In the case of semiconductor systems, the recombination of minority carriers injected by a STM tip and the observation of luminescence from semiconductor quantum wells [10-12], quantum wires [13], quantum dots [14] and surfaces 2 ) have been reported.