The use of the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum and further exploration of sub-mmWave has led to a new era in wireless communication, as the need for higher data rates grows. High frequencies, on the other hand, incur a higher path loss, requiring an increase in antenna gain requirements. Metasurfaces, which emerge as a promising technology for mitigating path loss effects by utilizing two dimensional (2D) arrays of engineered meta-atoms resembling metamaterials that control the surface’s electromagnetic response have been introduced. Currently, metasurfaces are primarily considered as passive reflecting devices in wireless communications, assisting conventional transceivers in shaping propagation environments. This paper presents an alternative application of metasurfaces for wireless communications as active reconfigurable antennas for next generation transceivers. A framework that demonstrates the design process of a metasurface antenna structure was introduced and further used to design a 4 × 4 array and its reconfigurable counterpart. In contrast to conventional phased array antennas, a reconfigurable metasurface (RMS) antenna does not require phase-shifters and amplifiers, which leads to reduced cost. Instead, each individual element achieves reconfigurability by shifting the resonating frequency using semiconductor devices such as PIN diodes. The proposed metasurface antenna is designed to operate at a frequency of 28 GHz and 40 GHz. In addition, an increase in gain and directivity was observed when diodes were added to the metasurface antenna array. However, due to PIN diodes being connected to metallic strips in the metasurface antenna array, loss can occur due to power dissipation, which results in a decrease in radiation efficiency.
