Wax deposition in single phase flow

Online estimation of wax deposition thickness in single-phase sub-sea pipelines based on acoustic chemometrics: A feasibility study

“…The question that comes to mind here is, "does the increase in peak amplitudes of the acoustic signals corresponds to an increase or decrease in the wax deposition thickness?" Both Creek et al [10] and Hoffmann and Amundsen [15] studied single phase wax deposition, they This score plot can be used to explain the difficulty in calibrating a model from one or two of the data sets and validating with the remaining. This occurrence was seen and reported by Arvoh et al [24] where gamma measurements combined with multivariate data analysis was applied to estimate volume fractions and to identify flow regimes in multiphase flow.…”

“…This flow assurance problem has been a major research topic for some time now. Several researchers have studied and proposed methodologies [6][7][8][9][10][11] for detecting wax deposition. Aiyejina et al [4] have reviewed wax formation in oil pipelines.…”

Wax Segregation in Oils: A Multiscale Problem

“…There exists a huge literature on this subject (see e.g. [5], [7], [20], [29], [38], [41], [45], [56], [60]) aimed at interpreting the results on experimental loops and field experiments.…”

Fundamental Study of Wax Deposition Under Real Flow Conditions

“…Other studies were carried out and concluded that molecular diffusion is the predominant mechanism through which wax deposition occurs (Weingarten and Euchner, 1986;Majeed et al, 1990;Hamouda et al, 1992;Mendes and Braga, 1996;Matzain, 1996;Rygg et al, 1998;Creek et al, 1999;Singh et al, 2000;Apte et al, 2001;Lindeloff and Krejbjerg, 2002;Hernandez-Perez et al, 2004;Huang et al, 2011).…”

“…Wax deposition takes place in a multicomponent non-isothermal flowing mixture, whose composition and temperature are also coupled through phase equilibrium phenomena. This specific issue was raised in the early development of the wax deposition models (Matzain, 1999;Creek et al, 1999). As such, although numbers can always match up in analysis of complex system such as the one under discussion, the truth is that the molecular diffusion mechanism is not modeled with the correct approach to treat molecular diffusion in these systems.…”