Weak Faults at Megathrust Plate Boundary Respond to Tidal Stress

Abstract

Lateral spatial variations of weak portions at the plate boundary in subduction zones have been estimated primarily by the distribution of slow earthquakes mainly occurring around seismogenic zones. However, the detailed depth profile of weak faults remains elusive. Here, we deployed 6 ocean bottom seismometers in the Nankai subduction zone, Japan, to observe reflections originated from drilling vessel Chikyu ship noise (hydroacoustic P wave) that was persistently radiated from a fixed position at the sea surface, and retrieved P-to-s(Ps) reflections from multiple dipping faults near the plate boundary. The Ps amplitudes were stacked and compared according to the degrees of tidal stresses, and they were large at high tide (compression). A migration technique shows that the locations where velocity contrasts fluctuate were estimated at both the megasplay fault and another fault between the megasplay fault and the top of the oceanic crust. This indicates that the physical properties of those faults are changed by tidal stress. The physical-property changes are attributed to fluid connections and isolations within the faults due to tidal stress fluctuations, inducing the variation of seismic anisotropy. Such a variation was confirmed by a three-dimensional numerical simulation for wave propagation with anisotropic medium. Our observation suggests that multiple weak faults are present around the plate boundary, and the obtained changes of fault physical properties may have implications for our understanding of tidal triggering of earthquakes.

The State of Pore Fluid Pressure and 3‐D Megathrust Earthquake Dynamics

“…Deep tremor at the Livingstone Fault in New Zealand appears co‐located with regions of high P f caused by serpentinite reactions near the slab‐mantle interface (Tarling et al., 2019). Both tremor and slow slip have been linked to the very small changes in pressure from tidal stress, suggesting weak faults and high P f (Houston, 2015; Tonegawa et al., 2021).…”