Weapon injuries in the 12th century Crusader garrison of Vadum Iacob Castle, Galilee

Mitchell, Piers D.; Nagar, Yossi; Ellenblum, Ronnie

doi:10.1002/oa.814

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Milner, 1995;Jurmain, 2001;Mitchell et al, 2006;Steadman, 2008) where the use of shields leaves the head and limbs exposed to injury. The use of shields has been recorded in the Solomon Islands since the contact period (Luxton, 1956;Fingleton, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neither was associated with a burial (Buckley, 2000;Leach and Davidson, 2008) although this may be due to the tendency of arrows to fall out of bone when the bone is lifted or disturbed during, or prior to excavation (Steadman, 2008). It is also possible they were included as grave goods (Steadman, 2008) or were embedded in soft tissues and became disassociated with the remains after decomposition (Zimmerman, 1997;Mitchell et al, 2006).…”

Section: Piercing and Sharp Force Traumamentioning

confidence: 93%

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Biocultural interpretations of trauma in two prehistoric Pacific Island populations from Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands

Scott

Buckley

2010

American J Phys Anthropol

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Two Pacific Island skeletal samples originating from the inland site of Nebira, Papua New Guinea (1230-1650) and a coastal site on the small island of Taumako, Solomon Islands (1530-1698) were examined for evidence of skeletal trauma using a biocultural approach. The types of trauma identified were cranial trauma, postcranial fractures, and piercing and sharp force trauma. Both samples exhibit trauma (Nebira, n = 9/28, 32.1%; Taumako, n = 17/133, 12.8%). Postcranial fractures are significantly higher in males from Nebira (Fisher Exact P value = 0.025). The prevalence of cranial trauma (n = 6/28, 21.4%) is significantly higher in Nebira individuals (Fisher Exact P value = 0.007). There is no conclusive evidence of piercing trauma at Nebira unlike Taumako, which has four individuals with evidence of piercing or sharp force trauma. Both samples show evidence of interpersonal violence and warfare. The results suggest the environment may have contributed to the pattern of trauma at these sites. These patterns are discussed within their cultural and environmental contexts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Piercing and Sharp Force Traumamentioning

confidence: 93%

Biocultural interpretations of trauma in two prehistoric Pacific Island populations from Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands

Scott

Buckley

2010

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…hacking trauma) (Hutchinson, 1996;Humphrey and Hutchinson, 2001;Tucker et al, 2001;Symes et al, 2002;Williamson et al, 2003). Numerous archaeological examples of injuries from bladed or metal edged implements, such as swords, have been published (for examples, see Ingelmark, 1939;Anderson, 1996;Hutchinson, 1996;Novak, 2000;Weber and Czarnetzki, 2001;Williamson et al, 2003;Mitchell Owens, 2007;Paine et al, 2007;Jiménez-Brobeil et al, 2009). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Violence and weapon‐related trauma at Puruchuco‐Huaquerones, Peru

Murphy

Gaither

Goycochea³

et al. 2010

American J Phys Anthropol

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Conquest of indigenous peoples in North America is understood primarily through ethnohistorical documents, archaeological evidence, and osteological analyses. However, in the Central Andes, the colonial enterprise and its effects are understood only from postcontact historical and ethnohistorical sources. Few archaeological and bioarchaeological studies have investigated Spanish Conquest and colonialism in the Andean region [for exceptions see Klaus and Tam: Am J Phys Anthropol 138 (2009) 356-368; Wernke, in press; and Quilter, in press]. Here we describe bioarchaeological evidence of violence from the cemeteries of Huaquerones and 57AS03 within the archaeological zone of Puruchuco-Huaquerones, Peru (circa A.D. 1470-1540). A total of 258 individuals greater than 15 years of age were analyzed for evidence of traumatic injuries. Individuals were examined macroscopically and evidence of traumatic injuries was analyzed according to the skeletal element involved, the location of the injury on the skeletal element, and any additional complications of the injury. This study examines and compares the evidence of perimortem injuries on skeletonized individuals from the two cemeteries and focuses specifically on the interpretation of weapon-related perimortem injuries. Evidence of perimortem trauma is present in both cemeteries (18.6%, 48/258); however, the frequency of injuries in 57AS03 is greater than that in Huaquerones (25.0% vs. 13.0%). Several injuries from 57AS03 are consistent with documented cases of injuries from firearms and 16th Century European weapons. We believe that the nature and high frequency of perimortem trauma at 57AS03 provide evidence of the violence that occurred with Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire.

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“…One concerns the castle of Vadum Iacob in Galilee (Mitchell et al, 2006). This castle lay at the eastern borders of the kingdom of Jerusalem, and contained the remains of some of the Frankish soldiers that defended it against the successful siege of Saladin in 1179.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trauma in the Crusader period city of Caesarea: a major port in the medieval eastern Mediterranean

Mitchell

2006

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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Caesarea is the first fortified city to undergo palaeopathological analysis of its Crusader period inhabitants. This study of the 12th and 13th century population aims to determine the major types of trauma present, whether from weapon injuries or accidents. Since the Crusades were known for the significant number of battles and raids that took place, weapon injuries were expected to be common. Thirteen cases of trauma are described and a highly unexpected pattern has come to light. These cases do not include one single example of weapon-related trauma. Every fracture is of a type expected from accidents or interpersonal violence without weapons. Possible explanations include the location of the city deep within Frankish territory and the robust city walls giving effective protection to the inhabitants, and also that the population were involved in activities that left them prone to accidents but not weapon injuries. The other important finding from this study was that the cases of lower limb long bone spiral fractures had healed in a near-anatomical alignment. This is not what we would expect, as a proportion of these injuries would normally have been unstable and tend to heal poorly aligned. The good position could have resulted from surgeons' use of splints to immobilise the bones while they healed. This suggestion is supported by laws of the kingdom of Jerusalem, which stated that surgeons were to be punished if they allowed such fractures to heal at an angle.

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Weapon injuries in the 12th century Crusader garrison of Vadum Iacob Castle, Galilee

Cited by 28 publications

References 8 publications

Biocultural interpretations of trauma in two prehistoric Pacific Island populations from Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands

Biocultural interpretations of trauma in two prehistoric Pacific Island populations from Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands

Violence and weapon‐related trauma at Puruchuco‐Huaquerones, Peru

Trauma in the Crusader period city of Caesarea: a major port in the medieval eastern Mediterranean

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