Wearable Inertial Sensors to Assess Standing Balance: A Systematic Review

Ghislieri, Marco; Gastaldi, Laura; Pastorelli, Stefano Paolo; Tadano, Shigeru; Agostini, Valentina

doi:10.3390/s19194075

Cited by 142 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In contrast, the global spread of smartphone use accompanied by the development of many health applications for mobile devices could offer a solution for providing the ageing population widespread access to objective balance assessment thanks to the embedded Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) that they contain. Several devices with embedded IMU have been investigated for their concurrent validity for measuring postural stability [9]. Several studies have compared postural stability measures between force plates and IMUs from smartphones [10,11] (systematically reviewed in [9,12]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several devices with embedded IMU have been investigated for their concurrent validity for measuring postural stability [9]. Several studies have compared postural stability measures between force plates and IMUs from smartphones [10,11] (systematically reviewed in [9,12]). While most of them found a significant relationship between the outcomes of the smartphone and the force plates, these were often very variable from one condition to another.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation of a smartphone embedded inertial measurement unit for measuring postural stability in older adults

Groote

Vandevyvere

Vanhevel

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background. Identifying older adults with increased fall risk due to poor postural control on a large scale is only possible through omnipresent and low cost measuring devices such as the inertial measurement units (IMU) embedded in smartphones. However, the correlation between smartphone measures of postural stability and state-of-the-art force plate measures has never been assessed in a large sample allowing us to take into account age as a covariate.Research question. How reliably can postural stability be measured with a smartphone embedded IMU in comparison to a force plate?Methods. We assessed balance in 97 adults aged 50 to 90 years in four different conditions (eyes open, eyes closed, semi-tandem and dual-task) in the anterio-posterior and medio-lateral directions. We used six different parameters (root mean square and average absolute value of COP displacement, velocity and acceleration) for the force plate and two different parameters (root mean square and average absolute value of COM acceleration) for the smartphone.Results. Test-retest reliability was smaller for the smartphone than for the force plate (intra class correlation) but both devices could equally well detect differences between conditions (similar Cohen's d). Parameters from the smartphone and the force plate, with age regressed out, were moderately correlated (robust correlation coefficients of around 0.5).Significance. This study comprehensively documents test-retest reliability and effect sizes for stability measures obtained with a force plate and smartphone as well as correlations between force plate and smartphone measures based on a large sample of older adults. Our large sample size allowed us to reliably determine the strength of the correlations between force plate and smartphone measures. The most important practical implication of our results is that more repetitions or longer trials are required when using a smartphone instead of a force plate to assess balance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a smartphone embedded inertial measurement unit for measuring postural stability in older adults

Groote

Vandevyvere

Vanhevel

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…These factors make them good alternatives to traditional force platforms, especially in clinical practice. 26 This study had some limitations. First, we did not assess lower…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…For instance, the use of laboratory-grade force plates for assessing postural control has traditionally been considered the gold standard; however, in recent years, accelerometers have increasingly been used as a result of their low cost, reliability and small size. 26 This study aimed to determine the effect of performing a dual task while in a one-leg stance on postural sway and the complexity of postural control in PWHA compared to healthy active (HAG) and non-active (HNAG) groups. Our hypothesis was that, due the decreased proprioception and constraints of the sensorimotor system in PWHA, 1,3,11,27 these patients would display less automaticity and a greater degree cognitive demand would be required to maintain a static postural position while performing dual tasks, resulting in increased postural sway and decreased complexity of postural control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of performing dual tasks on postural sway and postural control complexity in people with haemophilic arthropathy

et al. 2020

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Introduction: People with haemophilic arthropathy (PWHA) have impairments in postural control. However, little is known about the effects of demanding conditions, including the unipedal stance and dual tasks, on postural control in PWHA. Aim: Determine the effects of performing dual tasks while in the one-leg stance on postural sway and postural control complexity in PWHA vs. healthy active (HAG) and non-active (HNAG) groups of individuals. Methods: Fifteen PWHA and 34 healthy subjects (18 active and 16 non-active) were recruited. Vertical (V), mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) centre of mass signals were acquired using a 3-axis accelerometer placed at the L3/L4 vertebrae of subjects as they performed the one-leg stance under single and dual-task conditions. Sway balance and the complexity of postural control were studied via root mean square (RMS) acceleration and sample entropy, respectively. Increased complexity of postural sway was attributed to increased automatism of postural control.Results: RMS values for PWHA were higher than HAG under both conditions for the V and ML axes, and higher than HNAG under the dual-task condition for the ML axis.Sample entropy was lower in PWHA than healthy individuals under the dual-task condition for V and ML axes, and the single-task condition for the ML axis (P < .05). Conclusion:PWHA had poorer postural sway and decreased postural control complexity when performing a one-leg stance than healthy people, especially when the dual-task condition was applied. These results may help to design new approaches to assess and improve postural control in PWHA. K E Y W O R D Saccelerometry, centre of mass, haemophilia, motor control, postural control, sample entropy

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“…Over the last decade, measuring motor impairments through portable and wearable devices have demonstrated to be of great impact in managing neuromotor and aging deficits [26][27][28]. In fact, the several advantages of wearable sensors, such as the low cost, the high portability, the limited size and the ease-of-use, encourage the use of these technologies in clinical setting as a useful tool for monitoring assessment [29,30]. In this context, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of aging on reactive postural responses to rotational perturbations around the vertical axis, by using a rotating platform and wearable inertial sensors in different visual conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reactive Postural Responses to Continuous Yaw Perturbations in Healthy Humans: The Effect of Aging

Mileti

Taborri

Rossi

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Maintaining balance stability while turning in a quasi-static stance and/or in dynamic motion requires proper recovery mechanisms to manage sudden center-of-mass displacement. Furthermore, falls during turning are among the main concerns of community-dwelling elderly population. This study investigates the effect of aging on reactive postural responses to continuous yaw perturbations on a cohort of 10 young adults (mean age 28 ± 3 years old) and 10 older adults (mean age 61 ± 4 years old). Subjects underwent external continuous yaw perturbations provided by the RotoBit 1D platform. Different conditions of visual feedback (eyes opened and eyes closed) and perturbation intensity, i.e., sinusoidal rotations on the horizontal plane at different frequencies (0.2 Hz and 0.3 Hz), were applied. Kinematics of axial body segments was gathered using three inertial measurement units. In order to measure reactive postural responses, we measured body-absolute and joint absolute rotations, center-of-mass displacement, body sway, and inter-joint coordination. Older adults showed significant reduction in horizontal rotations of body segments and joints, as well as in center-of-mass displacement. Furthermore, older adults manifested a greater variability in reactive postural responses than younger adults. The abnormal reactive postural responses observed in older adults might contribute to the well-known age-related difficulty in dealing with balance control during turning.

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Wearable Inertial Sensors to Assess Standing Balance: A Systematic Review

Cited by 142 publications

References 89 publications

Validation of a smartphone embedded inertial measurement unit for measuring postural stability in older adults

Validation of a smartphone embedded inertial measurement unit for measuring postural stability in older adults

Effects of performing dual tasks on postural sway and postural control complexity in people with haemophilic arthropathy

Reactive Postural Responses to Continuous Yaw Perturbations in Healthy Humans: The Effect of Aging

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