Wearable Sensor for Continuous Sweat Biomarker Monitoring

Qiao, Yuting; Qiao, Lei; Chen, Zhiming; Liu, Bingxin; Gao, Li; Zhang, Lei

doi:10.3390/chemosensors10070273

Cited by 48 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Wearable devices adopt this position-sensing mechanism among combined electrodes covered by an iontophoretic stimulant gel. Wearable sensors, positioned adjacent to the perspiration generation site, would permit prompt recognition before the biodegradation of the analytes [ 97 , 98 , 99 ]. Approximately all existing metabolite-detecting wearable sensors rely on a particular enzyme for selective detection of the targeted analyte.…”

Section: Nanomaterials Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensors@ N...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Nanosensors for Sensitization of Sweat Metabolites: From Concept Mapping to Personalized Health Monitoring

2023

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Sweat contains a broad range of important biomarkers, which may be beneficial for acquiring non-invasive biochemical information on human health status. Therefore, highly selective and sensitive electrochemical nanosensors for the non-invasive detection of sweat metabolites have turned into a flourishing contender in the frontier of disease diagnosis. A large surface area, excellent electrocatalytic behavior and conductive properties make nanomaterials promising sensor materials for target-specific detection. Carbon-based nanomaterials (e.g., CNT, carbon quantum dots, and graphene), noble metals (e.g., Au and Pt), and metal oxide nanomaterials (e.g., ZnO, MnO2, and NiO) are widely used for modifying the working electrodes of electrochemical sensors, which may then be further functionalized with requisite enzymes for targeted detection. In the present review, recent developments (2018–2022) of electrochemical nanosensors by both enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic sensors for the effectual detection of sweat metabolites (e.g., glucose, ascorbic acid, lactate, urea/uric acid, ethanol and drug metabolites) have been comprehensively reviewed. Along with this, electrochemical sensing principles, including potentiometry, amperometry, CV, DPV, SWV and EIS have been briefly presented in the present review for a conceptual understanding of the sensing mechanisms. The detection thresholds (in the range of mM–nM), sensitivities, linear dynamic ranges and sensing modalities have also been properly addressed for a systematic understanding of the judicious design of more effective sensors. One step ahead, in the present review, current trends of flexible wearable electrochemical sensors in the form of eyeglasses, tattoos, gloves, patches, headbands, wrist bands, etc., have also been briefly summarized, which are beneficial for on-body in situ measurement of the targeted sweat metabolites. On-body monitoring of sweat metabolites via wireless data transmission has also been addressed. Finally, the gaps in the ongoing research endeavors, unmet challenges, outlooks and future prospects have also been discussed for the development of advanced non-invasive self-health-care-monitoring devices in the near future.

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Section: Nanomaterials Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensors@ N...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Nanosensors for Sensitization of Sweat Metabolites: From Concept Mapping to Personalized Health Monitoring

2023

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“…For optimal functioning, keeping the device in close contact with the body is necessary. The base material is made using fabric/flexible plastics, which generally requires unique technology for its fabrication [ 128 ]. Screen-printed electrodes have many manufacturing issues depending on the properties of the material, its ink composition, etc., which would affect the performance of the device.…”

Section: Challenges and Future Perspectives Of Smart Materials For We...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Smart Material Sensors and Soft Electronics in Healthcare Wearables for Better User Compliance

et al. 2022

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The need for innovation in the healthcare sector is essential to meet the demand of a rapidly growing population and the advent of progressive chronic ailments. Over the last decade, real-time monitoring of health conditions has been prioritized for accurate clinical diagnosis and access to accelerated treatment options. Therefore, the demand for wearable biosensing modules for preventive and monitoring purposes has been increasing over the last decade. Application of machine learning, big data analysis, neural networks, and artificial intelligence for precision and various power-saving approaches are used to increase the reliability and acceptance of smart wearables. However, user compliance and ergonomics are key areas that need focus to make the wearables mainstream. Much can be achieved through the incorporation of smart materials and soft electronics. Though skin-friendly wearable devices have been highlighted recently for their multifunctional abilities, a detailed discussion on the integration of smart materials for higher user compliance is still missing. In this review, we have discussed the principles and applications of sustainable smart material sensors and soft electronics for better ergonomics and increased user compliance in various healthcare devices. Moreover, the importance of nanomaterials and nanotechnology is discussed in the development of smart wearables.

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“…For wearable applications, electrochemical sensors are perfect candidates to guarantee, with very high sensitivity, selectivity, and on-body analysis of sweat with the use of a small potentiostat [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]. Recently [ 66 ], we have studied the possibility of building electrochemical sensors for chloride ions based on the electrochemical silver-to-silver chloride reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green and Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Chloride Detection in Sweat

Lopresti

Patella

Divita

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Wearable sensors for sweat biomarkers can provide facile analyte capability and monitoring for several diseases. In this work, a green wearable sensor for sweat absorption and chloride sensing is presented. In order to produce a sustainable device, polylactic acid (PLA) was used for both the substrate and the sweat absorption pad fabrication. The sensor material for chloride detection consisted of silver-based reference, working, and counter electrodes obtained from upcycled compact discs. The PLA substrates were prepared by thermal bonding of PLA sheets obtained via a flat die extruder, prototyped in single functional layers via CO2 laser cutting, and bonded via hot-press. The effect of cold plasma treatment on the transparency and bonding strength of PLA sheets was investigated. The PLA membrane, to act as a sweat absorption pad, was directly deposited onto the membrane holder layer by means of an electrolyte-assisted electrospinning technique. The membrane adhesion capacity was investigated by indentation tests in both dry and wet modes. The integrated device made of PLA and silver-based electrodes was used to quantify chloride ions. The calibration tests revealed that the proposed sensor platform could quantify chloride ions in a sensitive and reproducible way. The chloride ions were also quantified in a real sweat sample collected from a healthy volunteer. Therefore, we demonstrated the feasibility of a green and integrated sweat sensor that can be applied directly on human skin to quantify chloride ions.

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Wearable Sensor for Continuous Sweat Biomarker Monitoring

Cited by 48 publications

References 151 publications

Electrochemical Nanosensors for Sensitization of Sweat Metabolites: From Concept Mapping to Personalized Health Monitoring

Electrochemical Nanosensors for Sensitization of Sweat Metabolites: From Concept Mapping to Personalized Health Monitoring

Applications of Smart Material Sensors and Soft Electronics in Healthcare Wearables for Better User Compliance

Green and Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Chloride Detection in Sweat

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