Web Accessibility Analysis on Government of India Websites based on WCAG

Faisal

et al. 2023

LNEP

The use of the Internet and digitalization of data is increasing rapidly worldwide. Almost every organization and institution provides essential information or services through the World Wide Web and mobile applications to attract/interact with users/clients worldwide. Researchers have noticed significant accessibility problems in the websites, particularly for people with different disabilities. To assess the accessibility issues, especially for visually impaired users, the websites of Pakistan's top 30 educational institutes were evaluated using three automated Web accessibility tools. All three different accessibility tools showed a different ratio of errors in results. The educational institutes were categorized in public and private sectors to compare the ratio of accessibility errors. The results showed significant accessibility errors related to visual impairment in the websites of educational institutes in both the public and private sectors.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Web Accessibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Web Accessibility Evaluation of Higher Education Institutions of Pakistan for Visually Impaired Persons

Faisal

et al. 2023

LNEP

“…Further, the WCAG 2.1 has three conformance levels A, AA, and AAA. In underlying research, the authors adopt these guidelines to develop and automate an accessibility tool to determine the flaws on the design level to minimize the developers' efforts, time, and development cost [17]. Otherwise, hiring an accessibility expert during development is expensive because the developers are not fully aware of implementing these guidelines.…”

Section: Accessibility Evaluation Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated Accessibility Evaluation of Mobile Applications on Initial Stages of Design and Development

Kashif

Faisal

2023

ACE

The growth of users' reliance on smartphones increases as new features and functions are continuously added to these technologies. Accessibility is an essential characteristic of information architecture in interface design research. There is a need to focus on accessibility to minimize the efforts, cost, and time during mobile application design and development. Most of the applications available on the App/Play Store lack the accessibility guidelines during development because implementing these aspects requires sufficient time and resources. Especially start-up companies normally ignore accessibility because it requires additional resources. However, perceivable design may increase profits, downloads, and reputation. Thus, the designer should ensure that their applications are perceivable and usable to satisfy the individuals. The underlying research intends to develop an automated accessibility analysis and design evaluation tool for mobile applications. Accordingly, the researchers developed a solution as a plugin for Figma. Further, the authors selected seven important techniques from the WCAG 2.1 success criterion. Finally, the proposed solution evaluates the designed screen (frame) and generates results in the report form. The proposed automated solution based on the success criterion helps the application's developers and is also useful for related stakeholders by filling the gap in the existing design related tools.

“…Our review of the current literature specifically focused on implementing eIDAS regulation linked to web inclusion or accessibility, and we found no publications. However, some works have explored [31] or analyzed [32,33] exciting ways to break the barriers of e-Administration. In particular, to avoid complexity in the configuration and access to applications based on digital certificates, the authors of [31] proposed developing a USB device that includes a cryptographic token.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

User-Adapted Web Services by Extending the eIDAS Specification with Functional Attributes

Marco

García-Pozo

Huecas

et al. 2021

IJERPH

To provide web services adapted to the users’ functional capabilities, diversity must be considered from the conceptualization and design phases of the services’ development. In previous work, we proposed a model that allows the provisioning of adapted interfaces based on users’ identity and their functional attributes to facilitate this task to software designers and developers. However, being these identities and attributes self-declared by the users may impact reliability and usability. In this work, we propose an extension of our model to resolve these deficiencies by delegating the identity and attributes provision to external certified entities. The European electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services (eIDAS) regulation established a solution to ensure the cross-border mutual recognition of Electronic Identification (eID) mechanisms among the European Member States. This research aims to provide an extension of this regulation mentioned above (eIDAS) to support functional attributes and connect our previously proposed model to this extended eIDAS network. Thanks to this proposal, web services can guarantee adapted and personalized interfaces while improving the functionalities offered without any previous configuration by users and, in a reliable way, since the functional attributes belong to the users’ official eID. As the attributes set provided by eIDAS nodes only contains citizens’ personal and legal ones, we also propose a mechanism to connect the eIDAS network to external attribute providers that could extend the eIDAS profile of users with their functional attributes. We have deployed a pilot to validate the proposed model consisting of an identity provider, an eIDAS node supporting the extended reference code and an attribute provider supporting functional attributes. We have also designed and implemented a simple service that supports eID authentication and serves adapted interfaces based on the retrieved extended eIDAS profile. Finally, we have developed an experience for getting feedback from a set of real users with different functional capabilities. According to the results, we conclude that the generalized adoption of the proposed solution in the European digital web services will significantly improve their accessibility in terms of ease of use and adaptability to users’ capacities.