Well-screen and well-head clogging by hydrous ferric oxides

Effect of iron on biological clogging in porous media: Implications for managed aquifer recharge

“…Notably, all three clogging processes tend to be interrelated in many cases, making it necessary to evaluate their contribution as a whole (Baveye et al, 1998; Beek, 2018; Burte et al, 2019; Camprovin et al, 2017; Cui et al, 2018; Fernández Escalante, 2015; Moser et al, 2021; Rinck‐Pfeiffer et al, 2000; Sarmin and Kazi Matin, 2014). Most studies to date have focused on single clogging processes and quantitative evaluation by numerical modelling (Bustos Medina et al, 2013; Kang et al, 2020; Lu, 2009; Martin, 2013; Moser et al, 2021; Skolasińska, 2006; Torkzaban et al, 2015; Xia et al, 2014).…”

“…Iron present in native groundwater and aquifer sediments can also contribute to clogging (Wang et al, 2014). During MAR, the iron‐containing minerals are affected by water flow, salinity, pH (Beek, 2018), redox potential, and dissolved oxygen (Bustos Medina et al, 2013). Soluble iron present in the ambient groundwater or the recharge water can be oxidized when an oxidant (normally oxygen or chlorine) is introduced and results in chemical clogging through precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides that are relatively stable in this environment (Page et al, 2014).…”

“…Notably, all three clogging processes tend to be interrelated in many cases, making it necessary to evaluate their contribution as a whole (Baveye et al, 1998;Beek, 2018;Burte et al, 2019;Camprovin et al, 2017;Cui et al, 2018;Fernández Escalante, 2015;Moser et al, 2021;Rinck-Pfeiffer et al, 2000;Sarmin and Kazi Matin, 2014).…”

“…Iron–hydroxide induced clogging is considered as the most common cause of chemical clogging in MAR (Bouwer, 2002; Bustos Medina et al, 2013; Houben and Treskatis, 2007; Martin, 2013; Moorman et al, 2020; Moser et al, 2021; Sun and Xu, 1980; Zhang et al, 2021). However, clogging processes rarely occur alone, biological clogging is most often combined with physical or chemical clogging during MAR (Baveye et al, 1998; Beek, 2018; Burte et al, 2019; Camprovin et al, 2017; Cui et al, 2018; Fernández Escalante, 2015; Moser et al, 2021; Rinck‐Pfeiffer et al, 2000; Sarmin and Kazi Matin, 2014). Although there have been some studies of the mechanisms of combined clogging, such as physical–biological clogging (Cui et al, 2021; Wang et al, 2020) and bio–chemical clogging (Martin, 2013; Moser et al, 2021), the interactions between different clogging mechanisms are still largely unknown.…”