West Nile Virus Circulation in Mosquitoes in Greece (2010–2013)

Patsoula, Eleni; Vakali, Annita; Balatsos, Georgios; Pervanidou, Danai; Beleri, Stavroula; Τέγος, Νικόλαος; Baka, A; Spanakos, Gregory; Georgakopoulou, Theano; Tserkezou, Persefoni; Bortel, Wim Van; Zeller, H.; Menounos, Panagiotis; Kremastinou, Jenny; Hadjichristodoulou, Christos

doi:10.1155/2016/2450682

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Positive Cx. pipiens pools were detected in different areas of the country and preceded the diagnosed human cases (62). WNV lineage 2 was detected in Cx.…”

Section: Greecementioning

confidence: 99%

“…An integrated “One Health” surveillance of mosquitoes and birds in several countries has proven to be useful for early detection of WNV/USUV circulation and identification of enzootic areas (48, 61, 116). Virus detection in mosquitoes and birds preceded human and horse cases (48, 62). In addition, a high seroprevalence in sentinel animals was detected in areas with documented human cases (4, 22, 48, 61).…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of West Nile and Usutu Virus Infections in Southern Europe

et al. 2019

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The epidemiology of West Nile (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) has changed dramatically over the past two decades. Since 1999, there have been regular reports of WNV outbreaks and the virus has expanded its area of circulation in many Southern European countries. After emerging in Italy in 1996, USUV has spread to other countries causing mortality in several bird species. In 2009, USUV seroconversion in horses was reported in Italy. Co-circulation of both viruses was detected in humans, horses and birds. The main vector of WNV and USUV in Europe is Culex pipiens, however, both viruses were found in native Culex mosquito species (Cx. modestus, Cx. perexiguus). Experimental competence to transmit the WNV was also proven for native and invasive mosquitoes of Aedes and Culex genera (Ae. albopictus, Ae. detritus, Cx. torrentium). Recently, Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus naturally-infected with USUV were reported. While neuroinvasive human WNV infections are well-documented, USUV infections are sporadically detected. However, there is increasing evidence of a role of USUV in human disease. Seroepidemiological studies showed that USUV circulation is more common than WNV in some endemic regions. Recent data showed that WNV strains detected in humans, horses, birds, and mosquitoes mainly belong to lineage 2. In addition to European USUV lineages, some reports indicate the presence of African USUV lineages as well. The trends in WNV/USUV range and vector expansion are likely to continue in future years. This mini-review provides an update on the epidemiology of WNV and USUV infections in Southern Europe within a multidisciplinary “One Health” context.

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“…Positive Cx. pipiens pools were detected in different areas of the country and preceded the diagnosed human cases (62). WNV lineage 2 was detected in Cx.…”

Section: Greecementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of West Nile and Usutu Virus Infections in Southern Europe

et al. 2019

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“…West Nile Virus has emerged in Greece in 2010 and caused outbreaks for three consecutive years in both humans and horses ( Papa et al, 2010 ; Danis et al, 2011a , b ; Papa, 2012 ; Bouzalas et al, 2016 ). Following the 2010 outbreak a strategic framework for an integrated entomological surveillance program was established with the aims to address the impact of current vector control strategies and climate on mosquito population, to analyze the mosquito species composition in WNV affected areas as well as other areas of Greece and to quantify viral circulation, geographic spread and transmission cycle of WNV in mosquitoes ( Gomes et al, 2013 ; Valiakos et al, 2014 ; Patsoula et al, 2016 ). In recent years seroprevalence studies in both humans ( Ladbury et al, 2013 ; Vrioni et al, 2014 ), chickens ( Chaintoutis et al, 2016 ), and equine ( Bouzalas et al, 2016 ) were initiated to examine the kinetics of WNV prevalence in animals and humans over time.…”

Section: Wnv Surveillance Within the One Health Initiativementioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance and Diagnosis of West Nile Virus in the Face of Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity

Lustig¹,

Sofer²,

Bucris³

et al. 2018

Front. Microbiol.

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West Nile Virus (WNV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus whose zoonotic cycle includes both mosquitoes and birds as amplifiers and humans and horses as dead-end hosts. In recent years WNV has been spreading globally and is currently endemic in Africa, The Middle East, India, Australia, central and southern Europe, and the Americas. Integrated surveillance schemes and environmental data aim to detect viral circulation and reduce the risk of infection for the human population emphasizing the critical role for One Health principles in public health. Approximately 20% of WNV infected patients develop West Nile Fever while in less than 1%, infection results in West Nile Neurological Disease. Currently, the diagnosis of WNV infection is primarily based on serology, since molecular identification of WNV RNA is unreliable due to the short viremia. The recent emergence of Zika virus epidemic in America and Asia has added another layer of complexity to WNV diagnosis due to significant cross-reactivity between several members of the Flaviviridae family such as Zika, dengue, Usutu, and West Nile viruses. Diagnosis is especially challenging in persons living in regions with flavivirus co-circulation as well as in travelers from WNV endemic countries traveling to Zika or dengue infected areas or vise-versa. Here, we review the recent studies implementing WNV surveillance of mosquitoes and birds within the One Health initiative. Furthermore, we discuss the utility of novel molecular methods, alongside traditional molecular and serological methods, in WNV diagnosis and epidemiological research.

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“…Mackenzie et al, in his risk map, presents the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue encompassing all continents except Antarctica [124]. An important outbreak of dengue fever occurred recently in France [125], and of the West Nile virus in Greece [126].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exotic Tourist Destinations and Transmission of Infections by Swimming Pools and Hot Springs—A Literature Review

Mavridou

Παππά

Papatzitze

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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A growing number of people undertake international travel, and yet faster growth of such travel is expected in the tropics. Information on the hazards presented by pool and hot spring waters in tropical countries is very limited. This review aims to collate available information on pool water quality, alongside data on cases and outbreaks associated with swimming in pools in tropical regions affecting both local populations and travellers. Bacteria species commonly causing cases and outbreaks in the tropics as well as elsewhere in the world were excluded, and the review focuses on studies related to pathogens that, with the exception of Cryptosporidium, are unusual in more temperate climates. Studies concerning subtropical countries were included in the light of climate change. Diseases transmitted by vectors breeding in poorly maintained, neglected or abandoned pools were also included. 83 studies dealing with Microsporidia, Leptospira spp., Schistosomas spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria spp., Clostridium trachomatis, viruses, and vectors breeding in swimming pool and hot tub waters, and fulfilling predefined criteria, have been included in our survey of the literature. In conclusion, prevention strategies for pool safety in the tropics are imperative. Public health authorities need to provide guidance to westerners travelling to exotic destinations on how to protect their health in swimming pools.

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West Nile Virus Circulation in Mosquitoes in Greece (2010–2013)

Cited by 27 publications

References 47 publications

Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of West Nile and Usutu Virus Infections in Southern Europe

Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of West Nile and Usutu Virus Infections in Southern Europe

Surveillance and Diagnosis of West Nile Virus in the Face of Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity

Exotic Tourist Destinations and Transmission of Infections by Swimming Pools and Hot Springs—A Literature Review

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