Wetting and Drying Cycles Effect on Durability of Gypsum Soils Treated With Calcium Chloride or Cement Additives

Abstract

The study consists of two stages: the first one is to improve the gypsum soil with cement or calcium chloride and the second stage is to expose these soil specimens to series of wetting and drying cycles .Three soil specimens were taken and marked as (A,B and C) with gypsum content (47, 32 and 23)% respectively .The results show that cement additive increases the cohesion of soil specimens to 50% and collapse potential decreases with 65% and soil specimens improved with calcium chloride increase the cohesion up to more than 70% and collapse potential decreased about 70%. In the first cycle for wetting and drying cycles for soil specimens improved with cement the cohesion decreases about 25% and stays with the same ratio of the decreasing along the other cycle up to twelfth cycle. Collapse potential remains with the same value and is not affected by cycling of wetting and drying. In the first cycle for soil specimens treated with calcium chloride there is no effect in the first cycle whereas in the fourth cycle the cohesion increased by 60% and in the eighth cycle the cohesion decreased 8% and remains stable until the twelfth cycle. Collapse potential increases from one cycle to another by (30-50) % for all soil specimens.

Environmental impact of fouling for crude oil flow in preheat pipes according to oil blends

“…Additionally, these editing efforts briefly discuss the environmental effects of heat exchanger pollution, inevitably, the accumulated effect of fouling on a heat exchanger will inevitably vary depending on the intensity of the contamination and the operating circumstances. It is possible, however, to single out a few key features [ [21] , [22] , [23] ].…”