What are the Physiological Mechanisms for Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion in the Recovery from Prolonged Endurance and Intermittent Exercise?

Ihsan, Mohammed; Watson, Greig; Abbiss, Chris R.

doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0483-3

Cited by 153 publications

(179 citation statements)

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“…HRV will be used as the primary outcome as it is an important overall marker of post-exercise recovery [16]. The HRV analysis will be performed from the series of RR intervals captured by the cardiofrequency meter Polar Electro Oy – model V800, and linear methods analyzed in the time domain and frequency domain, and Poincaré plot.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ihsan et al [16] reported that the return of HRV values is a good indicator for exercise dynamics to be applied in training or in competitions. In addition, although massage is widely used as a recuperative technique, there are gaps in the literature regarding the effectiveness of massage in the autonomic modulation of heart rate and cardiorespiratory parameters; and especially in relation to the best moment of application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of massage as a recuperative technique on autonomic modulation of heart rate and cardiorespiratory parameters: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial

Mantovani

Pizzo

Siqueira

et al. 2018

Trials

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BackgroundRecuperative techniques have been used to anticipate and potentiate recovery. The massage is one of the most widely used in sports. Among the ways to demonstrate the recovery of the organism is the resumption of autonomic modulation of heart rate, which can be analyzed in situations that cause disturbances in the behavior of the cardiovascular system with the objective of verifying the responsiveness of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Recovery can be assessed through heart rate variability (HRV) which analyzes the oscillations in consecutive heartbeats, thus allowing an important non-invasive alternative for the study of modulation of the ANS. The objective of the study will be to measure the effects of massage as a recuperative technique on the autonomic modulation of heart rate and cardiorespiratory parameters at different moments of application.MethodsThis is a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. Forty men aged 18 to 30 years, healthy and physically active according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire will participate in the study. Participants will be randomized into groups, which will perform the five interventions of the study at randomized moments, one intervention per session: Intervention 1: control; Intervention 2: participants will receive the massage protocol; Intervention 3: performance of the stress protocol; Intervention 4: participants will perform the stress protocol and immediately after receive the massage; Intervention 5: participants will perform the stress protocol and 1 h after conclusion of the protocol will receive the massage. The sessions will occur with an interval of 1 week between them and, due to the technique used, blinding participants and therapists is not possible. The primary outcome measure is HRV that will be measured 2 h after the conclusion of each intervention, and secondary outcome measures, which include heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and individual touch perception, will be measured at specific moments in the course of each intervention.DiscussionThe implementation and use of this standardized protocol should provide important and reliable information regarding the use of massage in post-exercise recovery, with the identification of its effects on the ANS and the best timing and form of massage application. The data obtained in the present study will provide subsidies for the best management of application of the technique in sports clinical practice, considering periods of training and, mainly, of competitions.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, ID:NCT03094676. Pre-results. 12 March 2018.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2830-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of massage as a recuperative technique on autonomic modulation of heart rate and cardiorespiratory parameters: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial

Mantovani

Pizzo

Siqueira

et al. 2018

Trials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Ultimately, these effects may result in less central fatigue, lower ratings of perceived exertion and better recovery from exercise. 5 Thirdly, by reducing limb and skin blood flow, cryotherapy may also increase central venous pressure and central blood volume. These effects may result in less cardiovascular strain, less limb swelling, increased delivery of oxygen to muscle and greater cardiac parasympathetic activity.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…All of these cardiovascular responses may translate to greater recovery following exercise. 5 Lastly, cold water immersion has the potential to activate mediators of mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle. Cold water immersion on its own is sufficient to increase the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-a (PGC-1a), a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cold water immersion combined with aerobic exercise appears to induce additive effects on the expression/activity of PGC1a and other mediators of mitochondrial biogenesis such as p38 mitogen-active protein kinase and 5' AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK) and aerobic enzymes. 5 Although these molecular responses to cold water immersion are potentially beneficial, no research has examined whether regular cold water immersion following endurance training improves endurance performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cryotherapy: Are we freezing the benefits of exercise?

Peake

2017

Temperature

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We have published a series of articles on the acute and chronic effects of cold water immersion on molecular responses and adaptations in skeletal muscle after exercise.1-3 These studies were based on two key tenets: (i) cold water immersion reduces inflammation in musculoskeletal tissues and (ii) regular cold water immersion enhances post-exercise recovery and resilience, thereby leading to greater adaptations to training. The first of these tenets is supported by pre-clinical studies on the effects of icing or cryopreservation. By contrast, evidence supporting the second tent has been lacking. We therefore designed two systematic and integrated studies to investigate these proposed benefits of cold water immersion in more detail.The first study involved a randomized controlled trial in which a group of physically active young men strength trained twice a week for three months.3 One half of the group performed cold water immersion after each training session, which involved sitting up to their waist in water at 10 C for 10 min. The other half of the group performed active recovery after each training session, which involved riding on a stationary bicycle at a self-selected low intensity for 10 min. We measured muscle mass using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and strength, and collected resting muscle biopsies before and after the 3 months of training. We discovered that although both groups gained muscle mass and strength following training, these gains were significantly smaller in the cold water immersion group compared with the active recovery group. The cross-sectional area of type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibers also increased only in the active recovery group. Collectively, these findings provided the first definitive evidence against the notion that regular cold water immersion enhances adaptations to exercise training.To understand the mechanisms behind these effects of cold water immersion in more detail, we performed a randomized, cross-over trial. Another group of physically active men completed two sessions of resistance exercise on separate days, using separate legs. After each exercise session, they performed cold water immersion or active recovery (as described above). We collected blood samples at regular intervals, muscle biopsies before exercise and 2, 24 and 48 h after exercise. We analysed the blood samples and muscle biopsies for a range of variables involved in recovery and adaptation to exercise. We discovered that exercise activated kinases involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and stimulated satellite cell proliferation. Activation of p70S6 kinase and satellite cell proliferation were significantly attenuated following cold water immersion, 3 which likely accounted (in part) for the smaller gains in muscle mass and strength in the training study described above. We then analysed the same muscle samples for factors involved in ribosomal biogenesis. Ribosomal biogenesis is a key preliminary process involved in gene expression. We observed that exercise a...

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