What do we know about porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) diagnosis so far?: A review

Abstract

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first discovered in 2016, almost concomitantly by two groups of researchers in the United States. The novel case was reported in a group of sows with chronic reproductive problems with clinical presentation alike porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), where metagenomic sequencing revealed a genetically divergent porcine circovirus designated PCV3. The discovery of PCV3 in a PDNS case, which used to be considered as part of PCVAD attributed to PCV2 (porcine circovirus 2), has garnered attention and effort in further research of the novel virus.Just when an infectious molecular DNA clone of PCV3 has been developed and successfully used in an in vivo pathogenicity study, yet another novel PCV strain surfaced, designated PCV4 (porcine circovirus 4). So far, PCV3 has been reported in domestic swine population globally at low to moderate prevalence, from almost all sample types including organ tissues, faecal, semen and colostrum samples. PCV3 has been associated with a myriad of clinical presentations, from PDNS to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). This review paper summarizes the studies on PCV3 to date, with focus on diagnosis. K E Y W O R D Sporcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), porcine circoviruses (PCVs)

Porcine Circoviruses and Herpesviruses Are Prevalent in an Austrian Game Population

“…Interestingly, PCV3 was significantly more prevalent in adult animals, while viral loads between juvenile and adult animals were comparable, suggesting a higher susceptibility/likelihood of exposure of adult animals. Our findings support the theory that PCV3 is endemic globally [ 66 ]. However, whether PCV3 infection has a detrimental impact for wild animal health is still a matter of debate.…”

Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of porcine circovirus 3 in 15 provinces and municipalities of China between 2016 and 2020

“…Based on the phylogenetic analysis tree shown in Additional file 1 : Fig. S1, all isolates can be divided into three branches [ 25 ], and the geographic distributions of the different genotypes are presented in Fig. 1 .…”

“…Based on the phylogenetic analysis tree shown in Additional file 1: Fig. S1, all isolates can be divided into three branches [25], and the geographic distributions of the different genotypes are Provinces in which we have sequenced PCV3 isolates were marked as green. b Phylogenetic tree of our isolates with reference isolates of different genotypes.…”

Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Circovirus 2, 3, and 4 in East China from 2020 to 2022

“…PCVD is a general term for a variety of diseases in pigs caused by PCV that mainly manifests as PMWS and reproductive disorders in sows and that is the most harmful to both sows and piglets [ 9 , 13 , 23 , 24 ]. Since the discovery of PCV3 in 2016, PCV3 has also gradually shown its harmful effects on sows and piglets [ 11 , 17 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], and the discovery of PCV4 in 2019 has further complicated the etiology of circovirus disease [ 19 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Therefore, farmers in China’s pig industry have come to believe that mixed infections of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 have now become the norm [ 18 , 32 ].…”