What is a Blockchain? A Definition to Clarify the Role of the Blockchain in the Internet of Things

Ghiro, Lorenzo; Restuccia, Francesco; Basagni, Stefano; Melodia, Tommaso; Maccari, Leonardo; Cigno, Renato Lo

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.03750

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 123 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…Blockchain has been documented for a variety of initiatives, including cryptocurrencies and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, among others (Ghiro et al, 2021). As a result, the concept of blockchain appears hazy, as it's difficult to comprehend that the same technology can power applications with vastly diverse requirements and performance and security characteristics.…”

Section: Theoretical Foundation Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• A Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network made up of all nodes that read or write transactions in the blockchain collaboratively and • A consensus protocol is a set of regulations that all nodes agree on and implement, and which governs which and how new transactions can be added to the blockchain (Ghiro et al, 2021) Crowd Work…”

Section: Theoretical Foundation Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Model of Crowdwork System Based on Blockchain Technology in the Creative Industry

Hartono,

Prabowo

et al. 2023

Journal of Computer Science

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With the increasing number of internet users, the opportunity for the crowdwork system will be wide open for freelancers looking for work and for job providers looking for freelancers for their projects, especially in the creative industry. Trust is an issue in the existing crowdwork system. The users still do not know each other, so malicious actions can arise between users. For example, a job provider rejects work results from workers, even though the work results meet the job provider's expectations. As a result, the job provider receives the results of the work for free. Blockchain technology is here to solve the problem of trust in the crowdwork system. This research produces a model of a crowdwork system based on blockchain technology. The initial stage for building a blockchain-based crowdwork model is determining the components. The seven components found are trust, autonomy, actor, user reputation, management, technology, and business processes. After the components are identified, the next step is to build a value chain model along with business processes based on the components identified in the previous stage. After the value chain is built, the next step is to build a prototype of the blockchain-based crowdwork model. This research is expected to be a reference for other researchers to describe the model design of crowdwork system based on blockchain technology, so that trust issues can be resolved in the crowdwork system.

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Section: Theoretical Foundation Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Foundation Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Model of Crowdwork System Based on Blockchain Technology in the Creative Industry

Hartono,

Prabowo

et al. 2023

Journal of Computer Science

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“…If two valid versions of the blockchain are received, usually the longest is kept, and the shortest is discarded. According to the context, it is possible to configure who can write and read on the blockchain, to define whether it is permissioned or permissionless [11].…”

Section: Blockchains: Advantages and Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling Blockchain Services for IoE with Zk-Rollups

Lavaur

Lacan

Chanel

2022

Sensors

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The Internet of Things includes all connected objects from small embedded systems with low computational power and storage capacities to efficient ones, as well as moving objects like drones and autonomous vehicles. The concept of Internet of Everything expands upon this idea by adding people, data and processing. The adoption of such systems is exploding and becoming ever more significant, bringing with it questions related to the security and the privacy of these objects. A natural solution to data integrity, confidentiality and single point of failure vulnerability is the use of blockchains. Blockchains can be used as an immutable data layer for storing information, avoiding single point of failure vulnerability via decentralization and providing strong security and cryptographic tools for IoE. However, the adoption of blockchain technology in such heterogeneous systems containing light devices presents several challenges and practical issues that need to be overcome. Indeed, most of the solutions proposed to adapt blockchains to devices with low resources confront difficulty in maintaining decentralization or security. The most interesting are probably the Layer 2 solutions, which build offchain systems strongly connected to the blockchain. Among these, zk-rollup is a promising new generation of Layer 2/off-chain schemes that can remove the last obstacles to blockchain adoption in IoT, or more generally, in IoE. By increasing the scalability and enabling rule customization while preserving the same security as the Layer 1 blockchain, zk-rollups overcome restrictions on the use of blockchains for IoE. Despite their promises illustrated by recent systems proposed by startups and private companies, very few scientific publications explaining or applying this barely-known technology have been published, especially for non-financial systems. In this context, the objective of our paper is to fill this gap for IoE systems in two steps. We first propose a synthetic review of recent proposals to improve scalability including onchain (consensus, blockchain organization, …) and offchain (sidechain, rollups) solutions and we demonstrate that zk-rollups are the most promising ones. In a second step, we focus on IoE by describing several interesting features (scalability, dynamicity, data management, …) that are illustrated with various general IoE use cases.

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“…If two valid versions of the blockchain are received, usually the longest is kept and the shortest discarded. According to the context, it is possible to configure who can write and read on the blockchain, to define whether it is permissioned or permissionless [11].…”

Section: Blockchains: Advantages and Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling Blockchain Services for IoE with Zk-Rollups

Lavaur¹,

Lacan²,

Chanel³

2022

Preprint

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Internet of Things includes all connected objects from small embedded systems with low computational power and storage capacities to efficient ones, as well as moving objects like drones and autonomous vehicles. The concept of Internet of Everything expands upon this idea by adding people, data and processing. The adoption of such systems is exploding and becoming ever more significant, bringing with it questions related to the security and the privacy of these objects. A natural solution to data integrity, confidentiality and single point of failure vulnerability is the use of blockchains. Blockchains can be used as an immutable data layer for storing information, avoiding single point of failure vulnerability via decentralization and providing strong security and cryptographic tools for IoE. However, the adoption of blockchain technology in such heterogeneous systems, containing light devices, presents several challenges and practical issues that need to be overcome. Indeed, most of the solutions proposed to adapt blockchains to devices with low resources confront difficulty in maintaining decentralization or security. The most interesting are probably the Layer 2 solutions which build offchain systems strongly connected to the blockchain. Among these, zk-rollup is a promising new generation of Layer 2/off-chain schemes which can remove the last obstacles to blockchain adoption in IoT, or more generally, in IoE. Despite their promises illustrated by recent systems proposed by startups and private companies, very few scientific publications explaining or applying this barely-known technology have been published, especially for non-financial systems. In this context, the objective of our paper is to fill this gap for IoE systems in two steps. We first propose a synthetic review of recent proposals to improve scalability including onchain (consensus, blockchain organization, ...) and offchain (sidechain, rollups) solutions and we demonstrate that zk-rollups are the most promising ones. In a second step, we focus on IoE by describing several interesting features (scalability, dynamicity, data management, ...) that are illustrated with various general IoE use cases.

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What is a Blockchain? A Definition to Clarify the Role of the Blockchain in the Internet of Things

Cited by 5 publications

References 123 publications

The Model of Crowdwork System Based on Blockchain Technology in the Creative Industry

The Model of Crowdwork System Based on Blockchain Technology in the Creative Industry

Enabling Blockchain Services for IoE with Zk-Rollups

Enabling Blockchain Services for IoE with Zk-Rollups

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