What is it to be healthy?

Kingma, Elselijn

doi:10.1093/analys/67.2.128

Cited by 134 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The latter is claimed to be objective and a value‐free approach referring to a group of individuals with similar age, sex, and ethnicity. Even this approach is value‐laden because of the choice of the reference group [Kingma, ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Define Pathogenicity, Health, and Disease?

Vihinen

2016

Human Mutation

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Scientific and clinical communities produce ever increasing amounts of data and details about health and disease. Our ability to understand and utilize this information is limited because of imprecise language and lack of well-defined concepts. This problem involves also the principal concepts of health, disease, and pathogenicity. Here, a systematic model is presented for pathogenicity, as well as for health and disease. It has three components: extent, modulation, and severity, which jointly define the continuum of pathogenicity. The model is population based, and once implemented, it can be used for numerous purposes such as diagnosis, patient stratification, prognosis, finding phenotype-genotype correlations, or explaining adverse drug reactions. The new model has several benefits including health economy by allowing evidence-based personalized/precision medicine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Define Pathogenicity, Health, and Disease?

Vihinen

2016

Human Mutation

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“…First, there is flexibility in reference classes: what are they, and more importantly why do they exist? Adopting different reference classes results in different disease judgments; depending on whether we accept, say, being deaf as a separate reference class or not, deaf people will count as either healthy or ill (Kingma ). Second, statistically typical function needs to be determined with respect to a particular set of environments or situations.…”

Section: Synthetic Biology Health and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Functions and Health at the Interface of Biology and Technology

Kingma

2018

Nous

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Synthetic biology promises to eliminate the distinction between biology and engineering by delivering a philosophically interesting new kind of entity: a biological organism that is wholly designed and constructed by humans. The possibility of such organisms raises interesting questions in three domains: the analysis of (1) biological functions, (2) engineering functions, and (3) health and disease. This paper identifies and systematically answers these questions. This does not only establish how we should think about functions and health and disease in synthetic biological organisms, but it also reveals insights that are of broader relevance: (1) aetiological accounts of biological function need to omit or reinterpret reference to natural selection. This results in complete continuity between aetiological analyses of function in engineering and philosophy; (2) considering synthetic biology prompts interesting further questions about heritability, ancestry, and biological individuals; and (3) accounts of disease as biological dysfunction do not straightforwardly map onto our intuitive health and disease judgments regarding non‐human animals. In response to the latter point I examine three possible avenues, and tentatively defend one on behalf of the ‘disease as dysfunction’ theorist.

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“…Thus WHO explicitly included mental and social dimensions into the definition, and with the term "well-being" put a positive spin on health, not merely the absence of negativity. Other representative critiques of the BST were given in [6,7]. In [6], it was shown that Boorse did not succeed in giving a non-normative definition (choosing the appropriate reference classes is value-laden), and in [7] an epidemiologic approach to the study of disease with its attendant risk-of-disease orientation also challenged reference classes, along with the notion of "statistical subnormality," and the normal and pathological as mutually exclusive categories.…”

Section: Health Vs Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Wellness: Beyond the Dichotomous Choice Between Health and Disease Lies the Road to P6 Medicine

Kowalski¹

2018

ASH

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Systems medicine is the culmination of the progression of the health/disease dichotomy to a continuum from health to disease allowing for measures of disease accumulation that mark an individual's position, i.e., her wellness, along the continuum. Proponents of systems medicine have promised a scientific (non-normative), value-free, holistic measure of "wellness" that will be the cornerstone of P4 (personalized, predictive, preventive and participatory) medicine. While the focus of this paper is on the quantification of wellness, the authors also consider how this metric drives the rest of the P4 program. The authors trace the history of this development in order to appreciate the promises, problems, pitfalls, and perils that accompany this approach. To the 4Ps already in place, the authors add P5 = promissory and P6 = profitable, and find that the road to P6 medicine is paved with neoliberal theories.

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What is it to be healthy?

Cited by 134 publications

References 4 publications

How to Define Pathogenicity, Health, and Disease?

How to Define Pathogenicity, Health, and Disease?

Functions and Health at the Interface of Biology and Technology

Quantifying Wellness: Beyond the Dichotomous Choice Between Health and Disease Lies the Road to P6 Medicine

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