What is the evidence for the existence of Plasmodium ovale hypnozoites?

Richter, Joachim; Franken, Gabriele; Mehlhorn, Heinz; Labisch, Alfons; Häussinger, Dieter

doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2071-z

Cited by 64 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The present case of a malaria recurrence due to P. malariae adds to other similar cases published elsewhere, in which quartan malaria occurred in spite of previous antimalarial medication after a delay between 17 days and 14 weeks (Hess et al 1993;Grobusch et al 2004;Müller-Stöver et al 2008). Recurrent malaria attacks even years after last exposure have been described in Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, P. falciparum and P. malariae infections (Shute 1946;Trager and Most 1963;Giobbia et al 2005;Greenwood et al 2008, Focá et al 2009Szmitko et al 2009;Theunissen et al 2009;White 2009;Markus 2011a, b;Richter et al 2010;White 2011). In P. vivax infection, these recurrences are due to the activation of dormant liver development stages called "hypnozoites" (Krotoski et al 1980;1986;White 2011).…”

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Why do Plasmodium malariae infections sometimes occur in spite of previous antimalarial medication?

et al. 2012

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Quartan malaria due to Plasmodium malariae is commonly regarded as being preventable by current antimalarials. A case of P. malariae infection occurred in spite of previous treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria 4 months earlier with a full therapy course of intravenous quinine hydrochloride and oral doxycycline followed by artemether + lumefantrine. Since the patient was not anymore exposed to agents of malaria in the meantime, a new infection by P. malariae after therapy is unlikely. The present observation is difficult to explain by the current view on the origin of latent P. malariae infections and recurrences which are thought to arise from intra-erythrocytic development stages susceptible to common antimalarials. The most likely explanation of our observation is a delayed pre-erythrocytic development. The latency between infection by P. malariae and the quartan malaria fever attack might have been extended further by an initial subclinical circulation of a low number of intra-erythrocytic asexual parasites in the blood stream preceeding the clinical quartan malaria breakthrough.

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confidence: 66%

“…The existence of hypnozoites has been proven for P. vivax, and a number of primate malaria plasmodia (Krotoski et al 1980(Krotoski et al , 1986White 2011). Furthermore, hypnozoites have been assumed to occur in P. ovale infection (White 2009;Richter et al 2010). Malaria recurrences arising from hypnozoites are called relapses.…”

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Why do Plasmodium malariae infections sometimes occur in spite of previous antimalarial medication?

et al. 2012

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“…Malaria remains a serious health problem in many parts of the world (Franken et al 2012;Richter et al 2010;Jensen and Mehlhorn 2009). Plasmodium vivax is causing increasingly more cases of severe malaria worldwide (Saxena et al 2012;Tanwar et al 2011;Kochar et al 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

Renal cortical necrosis and acute kidney injury associated with Plasmodium vivax: a neglected human malaria parasite

et al. 2012

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Plasmodium vivax is causing increasingly more cases of severe malaria worldwide. There is an urgent need to reexamine the clinical spectrum and burden of P. vivax so that adequate control measures can be implemented against this emerging but neglected disease. Herein, we report a case of renal acute cortical necrosis and acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with P. vivax monoinfection. Her initial serum creatinine was 7.3 mg/dL on admission. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study glomerular filtration rate (GFR) value was 7 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (normal kidney function-GFR above 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and no proteinuria). On follow-up, 5 months later, her SCr. was 2.43 mg/dl with no proteinuria. MDRD GFR value was 24 mL/min/1.73 m(2) suggesting severe chronic kidney disease (CKD; GFR less than 60 or kidney damage for at least 3 months), stage 4. Our case report highlights the fact that P. vivax malaria is benign by name but not always by nature. AKI associated with P. vivax malaria can lead to CKD. Further studies are needed to determine why P. vivax infections are becoming more severe.

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“…Malaria remains a serious health problem in many parts of the world (Jensen and Mehlhorn 2009;Elsheikha and Sheashaa 2007;Richter et al 2010). Plasmodium vivax malaria (PV) has the greatest geographic range and burden of disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PV-associated AKI is observed in 2-45% (Kochar et al 2005;Prakash et al 2003). In addition PV is known to cause relapsing human malaria (Richter et al 2010). Even where reliable microscopic diagnosis confirms only PV, PF might still be presumed and its adherent properties might be cited as the basis of its apparent absence in peripheral blood film (PBF).…”

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confidence: 99%

Unusual presentation of Plasmodium vivax: a neglected human malaria parasite

et al. 2011

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Severe and complicated malaria is usually caused by Plasmodium falciparum malaria (PF) but it has been increasingly observed that Plasmodium vivax malaria (PV), which was otherwise considered to be benign malaria, with a low case-fatality ratio, can also occasionally result in severe disease as with PF malaria. There is an urgent need to re-examine the clinical spectrum and burden of PV so that adequate control measures can be implemented against this emerging but neglected disease. We report a case of severe PV malaria with multi-organ dysfunction. Patients exhibited acute kidney injury, severe anemia/thrombocytopenia, jaundice, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and pulmonary edema. Peripheral blood microscopy by trained and expert pathologist and rapid diagnostic test showed the presence of PV and absence of PF. The patient recovered completely with anti-malarial drugs, supportive measures, and hemodialysis.Recent microrheologic research that analyzed malaria severity in PV clearly demonstrated enhanced aggregation, erythrocyte clumping, and reduced deformability affecting microcirculation. Our case report highlights the fact that PV malaria is benign by name but not always by nature. PV can lead to unusual and potentially life-threatening complications. Further large-scale multi-centric studies are needed to define this less known entity.

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What is the evidence for the existence of Plasmodium ovale hypnozoites?

Cited by 64 publications

References 41 publications

Why do Plasmodium malariae infections sometimes occur in spite of previous antimalarial medication?

Why do Plasmodium malariae infections sometimes occur in spite of previous antimalarial medication?

Renal cortical necrosis and acute kidney injury associated with Plasmodium vivax: a neglected human malaria parasite

Unusual presentation of Plasmodium vivax: a neglected human malaria parasite

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