“…Drawing on well‐established theories such as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (Wan et al, 2015), Coupled Systems Theory (Liu et al, 2007), Sustainable Development Theory (Brundtland, 1987), and Human‐Earth Relationship Theory (Dong and Huang, 2023), these studies have devoted their efforts to clarify the intricate relationship between urbanization and ESs. Remarkably, their investigations cover a broad range of scales, spanning national (Ali et al, 2019; Ouyang et al, 2021), watershed (Luo et al, 2022; Yang et al, 2023), urban agglomeration (Guo et al, 2022; Wang, Hu, et al, 2022), provincial (Chen et al, 2022; Yang et al, 2020) and municipal (Pham & Lin, 2023) levels. These comprehensive analyses ensure that the dynamics between urbanization and ES can be thoroughly explored across various geographic contexts, establishing the basis for our systematic exploration of the interactions between HQU and ecosystem service value.…”