What is type 2 diabetes?

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is a common metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia. It is associated with a reduced life expectancy owing to a greater risk of heart disease, stroke, peripheral neuropathy, renal disease, blindness and amputation. At present, the best predictors of increased diabetes risk and progression to diabetes are an elevated fasting plasma glucose, an abnormal glucose tolerance test, obesity and evidence of impaired insulin action. However, the mechanisms by which people with impaired fasting glucose and/or abnormal glucose tolerance `progress' to overt type 2 diabetes are not completely understood. Moreover, type 2 diabetes is defined in a `negative' sense (hyperglycaemia occurring in the absence of evidence of autoimmune destruction of islet cells). This has two consequences – one is the heterogeneity of the disease, the other is that the disease is identified purely in terms of hyperglycaemia, to a certain extent ignoring the underlying mechanisms that lead to the disease. In this review, we explore some of these mechanisms in an attempt to remind readers that hyperglycaemia is one of many abnormalities in type 2 diabetes.

Physicians' attitudes about referring their type 2 diabetes patients for bariatric surgery

“…(2) Type 2 diabetes may well be associated with the greatest burden of suffering among obesity-related diseases. (3) …”

Teh Rambut Jagung dengan Penambahan Daun Stevia sebagai Alternatif Minuman Fungsional Bagi Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

“…Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan global yang paling meningkat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir (Gosslau et al, 2018). Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 (T2DM) adalah kelainan metabolisme kronis yang ditandai dengan tingginya kadar glukosa dalam darah (Smushkin and Vella, 2010;Nambirajan, 2018). Diabetes dapat memengaruhi berbagai organ sistem dalam tubuh dalam jangka waktu tertentu yang disebut komplikasi.…”

Chapter 11. The Discovery and Development of MB07803, a Second-Generation Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase Inhibitor with Improved Pharmacokinetic Properties, as a Potential Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

“…6i, 6j, 6k) that were not substrate of NAT2 enzyme, and prodrug 6j (MB07803) also demonstrated potent glucose-lowering effects. A full pharmacokinetic study of MB07803 showed that it has good OBAV: 37% in rats, which showed 2-fold higher improvement over MB06322 (1). Finally, the first-generation compounds MB06322 (1) and its parent MB05032 (2) were compared with MB07803 (6j) -…”

“…Hyperglycemia is one of many hallmarks for T2DM, which is associated with an increased risk of nephropathy, vision loss, and heart diseases. 1 Consequently, existing therapies benefit patients by lowering blood sugar levels. Several classes of oral hypoglycemic agents are currently on the market to treat T2DM, including sulfonylureas (e.g.…”