What the Brain can Tell us in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation

Abstract

Research in musculoskeletal rehabilitation has grown tremendously in the past few decades. Most of this research is based on a biomechanical approach demonstrating peripheral differences between patients and controls in kinetic, kinematic and electromyographic data. The scientific community describes motor behavior as the final common output of the human sensorimotor system which provides valuable insights into motor changes after musculoskeletal injuries and damages.But the sensorimotor system covers far more than bones and muscles to provide control of motor behavior. Sensorimotor control describes the dynamic interaction between sensations of sensory stimuli (e.g. proprioceptive, visual, vestibular), the processing and integration of these information in the CNS and the biomechanically well described motor output [1].Undoubtedly the brain is the supervisor of sensorimotor control. It is important to know how the brain regulates the control mechanisms in order to understand how training in rehabilitation should be designed to compensate in motor deficits after injury [2]. Only this brain-behavior relationship can provide the foundation of rehabilitation programs.The ACL injury seems to be the most investigated musculoskeletal injury and therefore is a good model in this case. There had been extensive research to highlight the deficits like muscle strength [3], postural control [4] and coordination patterns in functional performance [5][6][7] which occur after ACL injury and/or reconstruction. These deficiencies are thought to be related to the disturbance of the sensorimotor control process [8,9]. On a theoretical basis different authors hypothesize that the deficiency in motor output is related to the change of the reception of afferent proprioceptive information due to receptor damage in the knee caused by ACL injury or reconstruction, which most likely lead to modifications in the CNS and is not simply based on a mechanical instability [10].The progress in neuroscience opens new possibilities to take a look into brain mechanisms in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Functional MRI (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) are able to provide data due to brain activity and connectivity [11,12] in a relationship to ACL deficiency. Recently a few researchers followed these research line and started exploratory pioneer work to add measures of brain activity in sensorimotor control after ACL injury. They detected brain areas like the frontal and parietal cortical areas related to higher executive functions, somatosensory information processing and the cerebellum due to fine-tuning in sensorimotor control which serve as a neuronal correlate to motor behavior [13][14][15]. It is hypothesized that the working memory as a mechanism for integration of relevant information into the movement planning may play specific a role after ACL injury [13]. Changed afferent feedback is thought to increase executive attentional control and processing activity in the somatosensory areas. These results attract new methodological approac...

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