What We Do and What We Should Do Against Malnutrition in Spinal Cord Injury: A Position Paper From Italian Spinal Cord Injury Network Rehabilitation Centers

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic event that significantly impacts body composition and alters energy and nutritional needs. This places patients with SCI at a high risk of malnutrition, which can hinder optimal functional recovery, prolong hospital stays, increase hospital admissions, and contribute to the development of obesity and cardiovascular and metabolic ailments in chronic patients. Consequently, there is an urgent need for clear guidance to support clinicians in managing the nutritional needs of patients with SCI at different stages of the disease, including the acute (0 - 4 months after injury), post-acute (4 - 26 months after injury), and post-discharge phases. This study utilized a cross-sectional survey to assess the strategies employed in seven spinal units across Italy to address the nutritional needs of patients with SCI during the acute, post-acute, and post-discharge phases of the condition. Eight clinicians (five physiatrists, two internists, and one urologist) and one nurse participated in the survey. Following the survey completion, the participants were invited to partake in a round table session to delve deeper into the questionnaire results to gather their opinions and gain insights into clinical practices related to the various challenges surrounding the management of malnutrition in patients with SCI. We here review the available evidence on the energy needs and nutritional requirements of patients with SCI, highlighting the clinical aspects that deserve more attention throughout the distinct phases of the disease. We additionally provide an overview of the scenario regarding the management of malnutrition in patients with SCI across various spinal units in Italy. Through this comprehensive analysis, we aimed to enhance understanding and provide valuable insights for clinicians working with patients with SCI, equipping them with the knowledge and confidence to provide nutritional support to patients with SCI efficiently. By addressing the challenges of defining nutritional needs and presenting a practical guide, we aspire to contribute to the overall management and care of individuals with SCI and the prevention of malnutrition and its associated complications, thereby improving patient outcomes.