What We Should Not Forget about Down Syndrome

Abstract

Down syndrome is the foremost common genetic cause of intellectual disability. The additional copy of chromosome 21 confers potential changes in virtually all organ systems, including the brain, neck structures, and spine. Neuroradiologists should be aware of the multitude of imaging findings in patients with Down syndrome to correctly identify and diagnose life-altering conditions associated with this syndrome. In particular, the high prevalence of age-related cognitive decline and dementia stands out more clearly in recent decades due to the notable increase in these individuals' survival. Although the early and timely diagnosis of cognitive decline in patients with varying degrees of intellectual disability has not been an easy task from the clinical point of view, anatomic and functional brain studies have shown an essential role because they allow the early recognition of abnormalities that precede the cognitive decline. Furthermore, the similarities and differences in neuropathologic, genetic, and imaging aspects in patients with Down syndrome have allowed extrapolation for a better understanding of the mechanisms linked to Alzheimer disease development.Learning Objective: To review and systematize the distinctive characteristics and abnormalities of the head and neck, vertebral column, and CNS present in Down syndrome

Tecnologías para el aprendizaje sostenible en individuos con síndrome de down: exploración de herramientas y estrategias pedagógicas

“…Así, las personas con Síndrome de Down tienen 47 cromosomas en lugar de 46, distribuidos en 23 pares. El Síndrome de Down es la principal causa de discapacidad intelectual y la alteración genética humana más común (Fragoso et al, 2021;Ganguly, 2022).…”

“…Por lo tanto, los alumnos con Síndrome de Down presentan un aprendizaje más efectivo mediante observación e imitación (Balasong, 2022;Casarín, 2022;Rina, 2016). Sin embargo, hay que tener en cuenta que las deficiencias visuales o auditivas son comunes en las personas con Síndrome de Down (Fragoso et al, 2021;Ganguly, 2022;Tungate & Conners, 2021;Wardaya, 2020;de Weger, 2021).…”