“…NLP studies in accounting use three main methods to extract textual disclosures from corporate filings. Under the dictionary method, researchers count the number of positive/negative words (Feldman, Govindaraj, Livnat, and Segal 2010;Loughran and McDonald 2011), certain idioms (Klevak, Livnat, and Suslava 2019;Suslava 2021), or business keywords (Henry 2006).…”