Where Is Bacosine in Commercially Available Bacopa monnieri?

Abstract

Bacopa monnieri is an Ayurvedic plant with rising interest in the pharmacological effects of its extract and constituents, including flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes such as cucurbitacins, betulinic acid, and bacosine. The latter two compounds are isomeric 3-hydroxy lupenoic acids, which vary only in the arrangement of the carboxylic acid group and the methyl group at C-27 and C-28 and the orientation of the hydroxy group at C-3. In this study, we have reinvestigated the contents of betulinic acid and bacosine, respectively, in extracts from various commercially available B. monnieri powders and food supplements. To our surprise, HPLC-ion trap time-of-flight analyses identified only betulinic acid, but not bacosine, in all extracts under study, which was verified by GC-MS, HPLC-ELSD, 1D NMR (1H,13C), and 2D NMR (1H,1H COSY, 1H,13C HMBC, 1H,13C HSQC, 1H,1H NOESY) experiments. Moreover, it turned out that commercially available reference samples of bacosine were structurally identical with betulinic acid.

In Vivo Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Diabetic Screening of Bacopa monnieri-Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles

“…monnieri contains important phytochemicals such as bacoside A3, monnierasides I–III and saponins. , These phytochemicals have been used in the treatment of different diseases like pain and inflammation . Aside from the biomedical importance, these phytochemicals can form strong bonds with metallic ions and is therefore a promising agent to be used in nanomaterial synthesis. , B. monnieri extract was used as a capping and reducing agent in the production of metallic NPs.…”

“…25 Aside from the biomedical importance, these phytochemicals can form strong bonds with metallic ions and is therefore a promising agent to be used in nanomaterial synthesis. 25,26 B. monnieri extract was used as a capping and reducing agent in the production of metallic NPs. When the reaction between B. monnieri and respective salts occurs, the color of the combination changes from dark blue to dark gray.…”

“…D-mannitol, apigenin, and herpestine B are among the five known alkaloids (herpestine, nicotine, brahmine, monnierasides I–III, and plantainoside B) . Apart from bacoside A, which was discovered to be a mixture of bacoside A3, bacopacide II, bacopasaponin C, and a jujubogenin isomer of bacosaponin C, the individual plant constituents that have received the most attention in this plant have been identified as bacoside A3, bacopacide II, bacopasaponin C, and jujubogenin B.…”

“…25 Apart from bacoside A, which was discovered to be a mixture of bacoside A3, bacopacide II, bacopasaponin C, and a jujubogenin isomer of bacosaponin C, the individual plant constituents that have received the most attention in this plant have been identified as bacoside A3, bacopacide II, bacopasaponin C, and jujubogenin. 26 B. monnieri has a number of scientific study uses, including treating seizures, depression, pain, inflammation, ulcers, and liver health. 25 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultra-violet (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the morphological and physicochemical properties of synthesized CuO-NPs.…”

Nexus between light and culture media on morphogenesis in Bacopa monnieri and saponin yield thereof

“…The growing disease burden of neurological disorders, especially in developing countries like India ( Gourie-Devi, 2014 ), further augment the need to explore the phyto-pharmacological importance of this plant. Last decade had witnessed extensive studies on the phyto-constituents in the extract of Bacopa monnieri , beyond saponin ( Muszyńska et al., 2016 ; Ritter et al., 2020 ). Such studies are significant, owing to the vast therapeutic application, beyond nootropic ability, exhibited by the phytocompounds of Bacopa monnieri ( Sukumaran et al., 2019 ).…”