Where Should Multinationals Pay Taxes?

Arel‐Bundock, Vincent; Blais, André

doi:10.1093/isq/sqad012

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…We summarized 1-year state probabilities for each counterfactual using the following: the probability of 5% or greater weight loss, the difference between the average probabilities of 5% or greater weight loss and 5% or greater weight gain, and the corresponding population-mean risk ratios. We used SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute) and R version 4.2.1 (R Project for Statistical Computing) for data management and R version 4.2.2 and version 4.3.0 with packages optmatch, geepack, marginaleffects, and msm for statistical analyses . Data were analyzed from October 2021 to October 2023.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight Loss Treatment and Longitudinal Weight Change Among Primary Care Patients With Obesity

Henderson,

Ehlers,

Lee

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceAmong individuals with obesity, 5% or greater weight loss can improve health. Weight management treatments (WMT) include nutrition counseling, very low-calorie meal replacement (MR), antiobesity medications (AOM), and bariatric surgery; however, little is known about how these WMT are associated with weight change among individual patients and populations.ObjectiveTo characterize weight status and WMT use among primary care patients and assess associations between WMT and weight trajectories.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRetrospective, population-based cohort study of primary care patients from 1 academic health system in Michigan between October 2015 and March 2020 using cross-sectional analysis to compare obesity prevalence and WMT utilization. For patients with obesity and WMT exposure or matched controls, a multistate Markov model assessing associations between WMT and longitudinal weight status trajectories was used. Data were analyzed from October 2021 to October 2023.ExposuresCross-sectional exposure was year: 2017 or 2019. Trajectory analysis exposures were WMT: nutrition counseling, MR, AOM, and bariatric surgery.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCross-sectional analysis compared mean body mass index (BMI), obesity prevalence, and, among patients with obesity, prospective WMT use. The trajectory analysis examined longitudinal weight status using thresholds of ±5% and 10% of baseline weight with primary outcomes being the 1-year probabilities of 5% or greater weight loss for each WMT.ResultsAdult patients (146 959 participants) consisted of 83 636 female participants (56.9%); 8940 (6.1%) were Asian, 14 560 (9.9%) were Black, and 116 664 (79.4%) were White. Patients had a mean (SD) age of 49.6 (17.7) years and mean (SD) BMI of 29.2 (7.2). Among 138 682 patients, prevalence of obesity increased from 39.2% in 2017 to 40.7% in 2019; WMT use among patients with obesity increased from 5.3% to 7.1% (difference: 1.7%; 95% CI, 1.3%-2.2%). In a multistate model (10 180 patients; 33 549 patient-years), the 1-year probability of 5% or greater weight loss without WMT exposure was 15.6% (95% CI, 14.3%-16.5%) at reference covariates. In contrast, the probability of 5% or greater weight loss was more likely with year-long exposures to any WMT (nutrition counseling: 23.1%; 95% CI, 21.3%-25.1%; MR: 54.6%; 95% CI, 46.5%-61.2%; AOM: 27.8%; 95% CI, 25.0%-30.5%; bariatric surgery: 93.0%; 95% CI, 89.7%-95.0%).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of primary-care patients with obesity, all WMT increased the patient-level probability of achieving 5% or greater weight loss, but current rates of utilization are low and insufficient to reduce weight at the population level.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight Loss Treatment and Longitudinal Weight Change Among Primary Care Patients With Obesity

Henderson,

Ehlers,

Lee

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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“…We fit both regression models using robust standard errors. All analyses were conducted in R (R Core Team, 2023) with the packages “psych” (Revelle, 2023), “estimatr” (Blair et al, 2018), and “marginaleffects” (Arel-Bundock et al, 2023). Project materials, including anonymized data sets and R code, are available at https://osf.io/26d53/?view_only=b64ad78865de4ec4a3393f0e35302813.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of portable interventions on school psychologists’ graph-rating inconsistency.

Latham,

Klingbeil

2024

School Psychology

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The visual analysis of data presented in time-series graphs are common in single-case design (SCD) research and applied practice in school psychology. A growing body of research suggests that visual analysts' ratings are often influenced by construct-irrelevant features including Y-axis truncation and compression of the number of data points per X-to Y-axis ratio. We developed and tested two brief interventions, based on the research in cognitive and visual science, to reduce visual analysts' inconsistency when viewing unstandardized graphs. Two hundred practicing school psychologists visually analyzed data presented on standardized graphs and the same data again on unstandardized graphs. Across all conditions, participants were more willing to identify meaningful effects on unstandardized graphs and rated the data as showing significantly larger effects than on the corresponding standardized graphs. However, participants who answered additional (task-relevant) questions about the level or trend of graphed data showed greater rating consistency across the types of graphs in comparison to participants who answered task-irrelevant but challenging questions or control participants. Our results replicated prior research demonstrating the impact of SCD graph construction on practicing school psychologists' interpretations and provide initial support for an intervention to minimize the impact of construct-irrelevant factors. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed. Impact and ImplicationsDespite calls to standardize graph construction in single-case design, variability in graph construction is likely to impact visual analysis of time-series data. Interventions that can be readily applied to reduce inconsistencies of ratings of data presented on unstandardized graphs may result in more consistent ratings of time-series data. We provide preliminary evidence that a brief, attention-based intervention reduces graph-rating inconsistency in ratings of effect size magnitude among school psychologists.

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“…Selected models were used to predict the abundance, and 95% confidence intervals around that abundance, of shorebirds in each habitat and country with the ‘prediction’ function in the marginaleffects package (Arel-Bundock et al 2023). Finally, in order to generate site- and species-specific population estimates, we combined results from the ground surveys with the predicted modeled values (Table S1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population estimates of shorebirds on the Atlantic Coast of southern South America generated from large-scale, simultaneous, volunteer-led surveys

Faria,

Aldabe,

Almeida

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Population abundance and trend estimates are crucial to science, management, and conservation. Shorebirds, which are abundant in many coastal habitats and play important roles in coastal ecosystems, are facing some of the most dramatic population declines of any group of birds globally. However, accurate and up-to-date population estimates are lacking for most shorebird species. We thus conducted comprehensive, simultaneous, and community scientist-led surveys of the entire Atlantic Coast of southern South America — stretching from central Brazil to Tierra del Fuego — to gather counts of shorebirds that we combined with remote sensing analyses and two-step hurdle models that accounted for presence and abundance. Our objectives were to estimate shorebird densities by habitat, identify high-concentration areas, understand the environmental factors affecting their distributions, and provide population estimates for both Nearctic and Neotropical species. We counted a total of 37,207 shorebirds of 17 species and, from those counts, estimated that nearly 1.1 million shorebirds use the region's coastline. We also found that shorebirds occurred in the highest densities in shallow water wetland habitats and that fewer shorebirds occupied areas that were further away from estuaries. Although not directly comparable, our results suggest the population sizes of the Nearctic species whose nonbreeding ranges are predominantly in southern South America may have declined substantially since previous estimates. At the same time, our study represents the first empirically derived population estimates for Neotropical breeding shorebird species and indicates that they are far more abundant than previously thought. Taken together, our results highlight the power of community scientists to carry out structured protocols at continental scales and generate critical data for a group of at-risk species.

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Where Should Multinationals Pay Taxes?

Cited by 13 publications

References 78 publications

Weight Loss Treatment and Longitudinal Weight Change Among Primary Care Patients With Obesity

Weight Loss Treatment and Longitudinal Weight Change Among Primary Care Patients With Obesity

Effects of portable interventions on school psychologists’ graph-rating inconsistency.

Population estimates of shorebirds on the Atlantic Coast of southern South America generated from large-scale, simultaneous, volunteer-led surveys

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