Whey Predominant, Whey Modified Infant Formula with Protein/energy Ratio of 1.8 g/100 kcal: Adequate and Safe for Term Infants From Birth to Four Months

Räihä, Niels C. R.; Fazzolari-Nesci, A.; Cajozzo, Cynthia; Puccio, Guiseppe; Monestier, Alexandro; Moro, Guido; Minoli, Iolando; Haschke-Becher, Elisabeth; Bachmann, C.; Hof, Martin van‘t; Fässler, Anne-Lise Carrié; Haschke, Ferdinand

doi:10.1097/00005176-200209000-00008

Cited by 73 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…All but 2 studies included infants of both sexes, while Fomon et al [10] and Carnielli et al [11] enrolled male infants only. Ten of 14 studies aimed to investigate the suitability and safety of the formulae with a focus on protein and carbohydrate contents [2,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19], while studies focused on fat composition aimed to investigate fat or mineral balances [11,20,21]. Schmelzle et al [17] and Lasekan et al [19] studied modified carbohydrate components in formulae.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The studies of Koo et al [20], Kennedy et al [21], and Carnielli et al [11] investigated formulae with modified fat contents. Most of the included studies focused on the protein component [2,10,12,13,14,15,16,17]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding protein quality, Davis et al [14], Fleddermann et al [9], and Rozé et al [13] observed an about 10-12% higher EE for weight with ALAB-enriched formulae. A higher whey-to-casein ratio [12,13,15,17,20] as well as a higher tryptophan (Trp) content [2,9] also enhanced the EE. Modifications of the carbohydrate sources of infant formulae resulted in only modest increases in EE of 2-3% when combinations of maltodextrin, sucrose, or corn syrup and lactose were compared to lactose-only formulae [17,18,19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Improved protein quality of formulae may result in a lower total energy intake via formula [9,12,13,14,15] with a sufficient supply of bioavailable essential amino acids. In infant formula, Trp becomes the first limiting amino acid when the protein content is reduced and no free amino acids are added [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energetic Efficiency of Infant Formulae: A Review

Fleddermann¹,

Demmelmair²,

Koletzko³

2014

Ann Nutr Metab

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Breast-fed and formula-fed infants differ in terms of nutrient intake, growth, and metabolic and endocrine responses. The energetic efficiency, i.e. the weight or length gain per 100 kcal of energy intake, of breast-fed infants is about 11% higher than the energetic efficiency of formula-fed infants. Only limited data is available on the influence of formula composition on the energetic efficiency of infant formulae. We conducted a review of controlled trials to identify the impact of the macronutrient composition of infant formulae on energetic efficiency. An electronic literature search was conducted in February 2014. Intervention trials that investigated the effect of an infant formula with a modified macronutrient composition and reported the weight, length, and nutritional intake of apparently healthy, term, fully formula-fed infants with a normal weight were included. Thirteen trials met the inclusion criteria. The results showed no effect of the total content of energy, carbohydrate, protein, or fat on energetic efficiency. In contrast, small increasing effects of higher glycemic carbohydrates on energetic efficiency were identified. Improved fat absorption via the use of palmitic acid at the sn-2 ester position of triacylglycerol increased the energetic efficiency by 11%. The quality of formula protein, specifically an increased whey-to-casein ratio, an increased α-lactalbumin content, or a higher tryptophan content increased the energetic efficiency by about 13%. We conclude that fat absorption and protein quality have the potential to modulate energetic efficiency and may contribute to the observed differences in growth and metabolism between breast-fed and formula-fed infants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energetic Efficiency of Infant Formulae: A Review

Fleddermann¹,

Demmelmair²,

Koletzko³

2014

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…The SCF (2003b) determined the amount of indispensable and conditionally indispensable amino acids per energy value in IF and FOF based on six studies on the amino acid content of human milk (Bindels and Harzer, 1985;Lönnerdal and Forsum, 1985;Janas et al, 1987;Darragh and Moughan, 1998;Villalpando et al, 1998;Räihä et al, 2002). A recent meta-analysis of 26 studies (Zhang et al, 2013) which investigated the total amino acid profile in human milk closely corroborated the amounts of indispensable and conditionally indispensable amino acids in human milk determined by the SCF (2003b) and which are also in line with the values proposed by the Codex Alimentarius in Codex Stan 72-1981 and by an ESPGHAN coordinated international expert group (Koletzko et al, 2005).…”

Section: Plant Proteins As Protein Sources For If and Fofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

280

124

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formula. This opinion reviews the opinion provided by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2003 on the essential requirements of infant and follow-on formulae in light of more recent evidence and by considering the Panel's opinion of October 2013 on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first six months of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of formula consumed during this period. From a nutritional point of view, the minimum contents of nutrients in infant and follow-on formula proposed by the Panel cover the nutritional needs of virtually all healthy infants born at term and there is no need to exceed these amounts in formulae, as nutrients which are not used or stored have to be excreted and this may put a burden on the infant's metabolism. Therefore, the Panel emphasises that maximum amounts should be interpreted not as target values but rather as upper limits of a range which should not be exceeded. There is scientific consensus that breast milk is the preferred food for all healthy infants and provides an adequate supply of all nutrients to support growth and development (with the exception of vitamin K during the first weeks of life and of vitamin D). Whereas the composition of infant formula remains stable over time, breast milk composition changes continuously and therefore infant formula cannot imitate breast milk. © EuropeanAll formulae intended for infants must be safe and suitable to meet the nutritional requirements and promote growth and development of infants born at term when used as a sole source of nutrition during the first months of life, and when used as the principal liquid element in a progressively diversified diet after the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. Nutrients and substances should be added to formulae for infants only in amounts that serve a nutritional or other benefit. The addition in amounts higher than those serving a benefit or the inclusion of unnecessary substances in formulae may put a burden on the infant's metabolism and/or on other physiological functions, as substances which are not used or stored have to be excreted.The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first half of the first year of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of daily energy intake from formula during this period (500 kcal/day). These minimum amounts should be understood as target values which cover the nutritional needs of virtually all infants born at term for optimal growth and devel...

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