Whey Protein Isolate/Calcium Silicate Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications—Preliminary In Vitro Evaluation

Ivory-Cousins, Tayla; Nurzynska, Aleksandra; Klimek, Katarzyna; Baines, Daniel K.; Truszkiewicz, Wieslaw; Pałka, Krzysztof; Douglas, Timothy E. L.

doi:10.3390/ma16196484

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Additionally, the WPI hydrogel control group displayed values supported by previous work in the literature. The work here produced similar results to those presented by Ivory-Cousins et al [30] when comparing WPI control samples. The WPI hydrogel demonstrated a Young's modulus of approximately1200 kPa.…”

Section: Compression Analysissupporting

confidence: 90%

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The Enrichment of Whey Protein Isolate Hydrogels with Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Promotes the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Preosteoblasts

Baines,

Platania,

Tavernaraki

et al. 2023

Gels

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Osseous disease accounts for over half of chronic pathologies, but there is a limited supply of autografts, the gold standard; hence, there is a demand for new synthetic biomaterials. Herein, we present the use of a promising, new dairy-derived biomaterial: whey protein isolate (WPI) in the form of hydrogels, modified with the addition of different concentrations of the biotechnologically produced protein-like polymeric substance poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) as a potential scaffold for tissue regeneration. Raman spectroscopic analysis demonstrated the successful creation of WPI-γ-PGA hydrogels. A cytotoxicity assessment using preosteoblastic cells demonstrated that the hydrogels were noncytotoxic and supported cell proliferation from day 3 to 14. All γ-PGA-containing scaffold compositions strongly promoted cell attachment and the formation of dense interconnected cell layers. Cell viability was significantly increased on γ-PGA-containing scaffolds on day 14 compared to WPI control scaffolds. Significantly, the cells showed markers of osteogenic differentiation; they synthesised increasing amounts of collagen over time, and cells showed significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity at day 7 and higher levels of calcium for matrix mineralization at days 14 and 21 on the γ-PGA-containing scaffolds. These results demonstrated the potential of WPI-γ-PGA hydrogels as scaffolds for bone regeneration.

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Section: Compression Analysissupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, ref. [30] presented data suggesting an increase in Young's modulus of approximately 1300 kPa.…”

Section: Compression Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enrichment of Whey Protein Isolate Hydrogels with Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Promotes the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Preosteoblasts

Baines,

Platania,

Tavernaraki

et al. 2023

Gels

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Calcium silicate solid-state matrices from boric acid production waste for 60Co removal and immobilization by spark plasma sintering

Shichalin,

Yarusova,

Ivanov

et al. 2024

Journal of Water Process Engineering

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Preliminary In Vitro Assessment of Whey Protein Isolate Hydrogel with Cannabidiol as a Potential Hydrophobic Oral Drug Delivery System for Colorectal Cancer Therapy

Baines,

Wright,

Douglas

2024

Polymers

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second global cause of cancer morbidity. Often, potent CRC drugs fail to reach the market, due to the molecule having low solubility levels. Therefore, there is a need to develop a viable, targeted delivery system for hydrophobic drugs. Whey protein isolate (WPI), in the form of hydrogels, has demonstrated loadability with hydrophobic molecules. Hydrophobic cannabidiol (CBD) has demonstrated potential in inhibiting and suppressing CRC tumour growth. Therefore, in this study, WPI hydrogels were assessed as a novel oral hydrophobic drug delivery vehicle, using CBD as a model drug. The hydrogels were analysed in conditions consistent with the alimentary tract. The investigation was performed at pH 2 (stomach), pH 7 (small intestines) and pH 9 (large intestines) and using the enzymes pepsin (stomach) and protease (small and large intestines) to simulate the digestive environment. Polymer swelling assays demonstrated that the swelling potential of the hydrogels was strongly dependent on pH. At pH 2, hydrogels decreased in mass, losing around 10% of their initial mass, while hydrogels in a pH 9 environment increased in mass by approximately 50%. However, the enzymatic degradation of the hydrogels at pH 2 (pepsin, stomach), pH 7 (protease, small intestines) and pH 9 (protease, large intestines) was more pronounced in the neutral–alkaline pH range. Pepsin at pH 2 had no significant effect on the hydrogels. In contrast, protease at pH 9 significantly degraded the hydrogels, resulting in a mass loss of 30–40% from the initial mass. The results suggesting a higher rate of degradation in the intestines rather than in the stomach. Furthermore, CBD release, analysed with U.V. spectroscopy, demonstrated a higher release rate in pH conditions associated with the intestines (pH 7 and pH 9) rather than the stomach (pH 2), suggesting a higher rate of CBD release in regions of the digestive tract affected by CRC. Significantly, the hydrogels significantly reduced the viability of HT29 CRC cells. This study demonstrates the potential of the utilisation of WPI hydrogels as an oral hydrophobic drug delivery system.

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Whey Protein Isolate/Calcium Silicate Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications—Preliminary In Vitro Evaluation

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

The Enrichment of Whey Protein Isolate Hydrogels with Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Promotes the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Preosteoblasts

The Enrichment of Whey Protein Isolate Hydrogels with Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Promotes the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Preosteoblasts

Calcium silicate solid-state matrices from boric acid production waste for 60Co removal and immobilization by spark plasma sintering

Preliminary In Vitro Assessment of Whey Protein Isolate Hydrogel with Cannabidiol as a Potential Hydrophobic Oral Drug Delivery System for Colorectal Cancer Therapy

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