Who develops PTSD from motor vehicle accidents?

Blanchard, Edward B.; Hickling, Edward J.; Taylor, Ann E.; Loos, Warren R.; Forneris, Catherine A; Jaccard, James

doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00058-6

Cited by 233 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Depression and other emotional difficulties prior to a trauma predispose individuals to develop PTSD (e.g., Blanchard et al, 1996;Breslau et al, 1991), and individuals often develop depression following the onset of PTSD (e.g., Kessler et al, 1995). Depression, regardless of onset, was not associated with the maintenance of PTSD, as had been expected on the basis of evidence that depression occurring in the months following a trauma predicts PTSD at 1 year (Freedman et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Risk factors for the development versus maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder

Schnurr

Lunney

Sengupta

2004

Journal of Traumatic Stress

246

184

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This study examined risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans: 68 women and 414 men of whom 88 were White, 63 Black, 80 Hispanic, 90 Native Hawaiian, and 93 Japanese American. Continuation ratio logistic regression was used to compare the predictive power of risk factors for the development versus maintenance of full or partial PTSD. The development of PTSD was related to premilitary, military, and postmilitary factors. The maintenance of PTSD was related primarily to military and postmilitary factors. Multivariate analyses identified different models for development and maintenance. We conclude that development of PTSD is related to factors that occur before, during, and after a traumatic event, whereas failure to recover is related primarily to factors that occur during and after the event.KEY WORDS: posttraumatic stress disorder; military veterans; longitudinal course; risk factors.Risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) varies with a number of pretraumatic, peritraumatic, and posttraumatic factors (e.g., Breslau, Davis, Andreski, & Peterson, 1991;Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995;Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders, & Best, 1993;Schnurr, Friedman, & Rosenberg, 1993). Risk of chronic PTSD, as reflected by a diagnosis of current PTSD among individuals whose exposure occurred many years prior, also is related to many of the same risk factors (e.g., King, King, Fairbank, Keane, & Adams, 1998;King, King, Foy, & Gudanowski, 1996;Kulka et al., 1990;Schnurr & Vielhauer, 1999;Stein, Walker, Hazen, & Forde, 1997). Yet very few investigations of risk factors for PTSD have attempted to distinguish chronic from less chronic PTSD. In fact, a recent meta-analysis combined studies of current and lifetime PTSD because of this limitation of the existing literature (Brewin, Andrews, & Valentine, 2000). Consequently, we know little about which factors are associated with the development of PTSD, as compared with the maintenance of PTSD. Such information has important implications for both theory and treatment.Studies of risk factors for lifetime PTSD yield information about the development of PTSD. Studies of risk factors for current chronic PTSD can yield information about maintenance if a comparison group without current PTSD is restricted to individuals who had PTSD in the past only. (If a comparison group also includes individuals who never had PTSD, risk factors for development are confounded with risk factors for maintenance.) Thus, comparisons between studies of risk factors for lifetime PTSD and studies of risk factors for current chronic PTSD can suggest which factors are associated with development and which are associated with maintenance. A limitation of this approach is that these comparisons are indirect.Another indirect approach is to examine the relative strength of predictors at different times. For example, Dunmore, Clark, and Ehlers (2001) studied assault survivors within 4 months after an assault, and then 6 and 9 months after the initial asses...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Risk factors for the development versus maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder

Schnurr

Lunney

Sengupta

2004

Journal of Traumatic Stress

246

184

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“…Psychological morbidity includes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression and other maladaptive syndromes. PTSD may result from any event that involves an injury, or threatened or actual death (of others).Among injury patients relatively high prevalence rates of PTSD have been reported, both shortly after injury and at long-term follow-up [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Understanding the patterns of PTSD symptoms over time, and how these may vary by type of traumatic event and subgroup is important for targeting of PTSD prevention and to facilitate treatment when PTSD has developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Injury: Trajectories and Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life

Haagsma¹

2013

J Depress Anxiety

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Background:Little is known about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) trajectories of injury patients of all severity levels and external causes. The aim of our study was to assess prevalence rates, predictors, trajectories and impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of PTSD 2.5, 5, 12 and 24 months post-injury.Methods:We selected a sample of 8,057 patients aged 15 years and older who attended the Emergency Department (ED) followed by either hospital admission or discharge to the home environment. The sample received postal questionnaires 2.5, 5, 12 and 24 months after treatment at the ED. The questionnaires included items regarding socio-demographics, EQ-5D to measure HRQoL, and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IESR). An IESR-score ≥ 33 was used as indication for the presence of PTSD.Results: 2,918 (36%) injury patients completed the 2.5 months follow-up survey. PTSD prevalence rate at 2.5 month follow-up was 9%. At 5, 12 and 24 month follow-up PTSD prevalence rates were 7%, 6% and 5% respectively. Comorbid disease, female gender and low educational level were the strongest independent predictors of PTSD. One in ten patients had PTSD at some point during 24 month follow-up. PTSD was associated with a significantly decreased HRQoL. Conclusions:We conclude that almost one in ten injury patients of all causes and severity levels treated at an ED suffer from PTSD symptoms, which is associated with a considerable decrease in HRQoL. PTSD symptoms may therefore raise a major barrier for full recovery of injury patients of even minor levels of severity.

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“…A previous study had defined partial PTSD (PPTSD) as the presence of a combination of two of the three criteria-B, C and D 23) . Those diagnosed as having PPTSD were reported to suffer from higher comorbid DSM-IV psychiatric disorders and functional impairments 24,25) . Therefore, the rate of PPTSD was also estimated in this study.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Taiwan, the lifetime prevalence rate of depression in the general population was reported to be 1.14% 25) , and the prevalence of PTSD reported in survivors of earthquakes varied widely, ranging from 4.4-21.7% [10][11][12][13] . After accidents resulting in hospitalization, PTSD and depression were observed among the victims 14) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Outcome of Injured Workers at 3 Months after Occupational Injury Requiring Hospitalization in Taiwan

Lin

Guo

Liao

et al. 2012

Journal of Occupational Health

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Kuan-Han LIN, et al.: Psychological Outcome after Occupational Injury among workers who suffered from intracranial injury, fracture, burn, crushing injury, and open wound of upper limbs were 10.4, 6.9, 5.9, 5.8 and 0%, respectively. Conclusions: At three months after occupational injuries, a significant proportion of workers suffered from psychiatric disorders. The rates of psychiatric disorders occurring after intracranial injuries were significantly higher than those occurring after non-intracranial injuries. ( . According to the Institute of Occupational Safety and Health in Taiwan in 2004, occupational accidents were the 2nd most important cause of death among workers 2) . Occupational injury is defined as death, any personal injury or disease resulting from an occupational accident 3) . According to the Bureau of Labor Insurance, there are three types of medical benefits for occupational injury, including inpatient benefits, outpatient benefits, and medical examination benefits. In 2008, of the workers who received medical benefits for occupational injury, more than 14,000 workers received inpatient benefits due to occupational injuries 4) . Traumatic events or natural disasters are known to induce psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression, anxiety, etc. [5][6][7] . PTSD is the most commonly studied and probably the most frequent psychological disorder that

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Who develops PTSD from motor vehicle accidents?

Cited by 233 publications

References 15 publications

Risk factors for the development versus maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder

Risk factors for the development versus maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Injury: Trajectories and Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life

Psychological Outcome of Injured Workers at 3 Months after Occupational Injury Requiring Hospitalization in Taiwan

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