Who will control the media? The impact of GAFAM on the media industries in the digital economy

Abstract

Introduction. The media ecosystem is governed by a new economy where traditional media are losing their hegemonic position to technologic companies. Despite the growing presence of these companies in media products and services, there are few academic studies examining their transformation from a structural perspective. Methods. This article provides a complete analysis of the Internet giants Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple and Microsoft (GAFAM), which allows us to assess their impact on the media. Based on the review of scientific literature, the specialised press and corporate and institutional reports, the article examines the increasing connection between GAFAM and media content, as well as their capacity to establish patterns that shape the future development of the cultural and creative industries in the digital economy. Results. The results confirm that GAFAM play a central role in the digital economy and identify the key concepts of development for the media industries operating within this ecosystem. Keywords Digital economy; Internet; ecosystem; media; GAFAM Contents 1. Introduction. 2. Objectives and methods. 3. The digital economy and the GAFAM ecosystem. 4. Characterisation of GAFAM. 5. GAFAM and the media. 6. Conclusions. 7. References.

Who Controls the Voice? The Journalistic Use and the Informational Domain in Vocal Transactors

“…In addition to buying smaller companies, there is vast investment in internal research since there is a dependence on innovations, whether on products or services. This process makes core companies a source for inventions and patents, including being prominent investors in solutions involving the Internet of Things (Bustos & Castillo, 2019).…”

“…If, on the one hand, the platforms allow journalism to massively reach people, the information on access and user profile that the content produced impacts are retained on the platform. The companies that run the platforms share little or no data collected with the news media (Bell & Owen, 2017) since this information is fundamental to their functioning (Bustos & Castillo, 2019). Thus, once again, newspaper companies distribute their content in this environment controlled by third party companies.…”

“…All companies have specific products and services for this scenario: news that can be accessed by voice through personal assistants and chatbots embedded in smart speakers, as well as information on any topic that is of interest to users that are offered from algorithmic customization based on the searches of consumers themselves on Gafam platforms. Source: made from the one developed by Bustos and Castillo (2019).…”

Mathematical Model of Billing for TheOoL DAO

“…It involves building a new generation Internet based on distributed ledger technology as a peer-to-peer decentralized network with integrated decentralized finance. This distinguishes it from Web2.0 (Newman et al, 2016), in which the main computing and financial capabilities of the network are centralized in the hands of GAFAM (Miguel de Bustos, 2018;Miguel de Bustos & Izquierdo-Castillo, 2019) and large financial capital, owning centralized digital finance systems (Gautier & Lamesch, 2021). Since all members of the Web3 network are legally equal but differ in their needs and the functions they perform through the network, they come together to manage interactions in the form of so-called decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) (Mattila et al, 2022;Schillig, 2021;Wulf, 2021).…”

GAFAM – globalne korporacje cyfrowe jako uczestnicy procesów politycznych

“…Oznacza to, że znaczna część ludności świata funkcjonuje w tym samym środowisku usług i mediów. Ekspansywny charakter działalności pociąga za sobą globalizację oprogramowania, chmur obliczeniowych, a także treści medialnych 11 . Nie liczby użytkowników są jednak najważniejsze, tylko 7 fakt, że osoby korzystające z usług tych podmiotów stanowią społeczność odpowiadającą swoim zakresem sfery publicznej -środowiska mieszczańsko--obywatelskiego, opisanego przez J. Habermasa jako sfera ludzi prywatnych, zbiorowo tworzących publiczność, debatującą z władzą publiczną o ogólnych regułach wzajemnych stosunków w ramach tzw.…”