Why Most Published Research Findings Are False

Ioannidis, John P. A.

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124

Cited by 8,274 publications

(4,552 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Although replicating previous observations is in itself relevant (Ioannidis, 2005; Van Bavel, Mende‐Siedlecki, Brady, & Reinero, 2016), the last decade's technological development of cameras and video quality additionally enables us to operate more cameras and hence record more spawning events at video resolutions revealing behaviors previously not documented in our population (e.g., egg eating including filial cannibalism). Moreover, the vibrations of charr during courtship and spawning leave a recordable sound track in the water column (discovered here by MBB).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Spawning behavior of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): Spawning synchrony, vibrational communication, and mate guarding

Brattli

Egeland

Nordeide

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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A mismatch in synchrony between male and female gamete release in external fertilizers can result in reduced or failed fertilization, sperm competition, and reduced paternity. In Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), males can adopt either a guard or sneak tactic resulting in both pre‐ and postcopulatory competition between males with alternative reproduction tactics. Here, spawning behavior of free‐living Arctic charr was video‐recorded, and their reproductive behavior was analyzed. From evaluating 157 spawning events, we observed that females mainly spawned with a guarding male and that the female and the guarding male synchronized timing of gamete release under sperm competition. Although sneakers spawned with higher synchrony than the guarding male in single‐male spawning events, the average sneaker released his milt less synchronized with the female than the guarding male under sperm competition. Approximately 50% of the recorded spawning events occurred under sperm competition, where each event included an average of 2.7 males. Additionally, sneakers were more exposed to sperm competition than guarding males. An influx of males, in close proximity to the female, occurred during the behavioral sequences leading up to egg release, but this influx seemed not dependent on egg release, suggesting that something else than gonadal product attracts sneaker males to the spawning female. Just before and during the actual release of gametes, the spawning couple vibrates their bodies in close contact and it seems likely that this vibrational communication between the spawning couple, which results in a larger amplitude sound wave than seen under regular courting, reveals time of gamete release to sneaker males. Thus, vibrational communication may enable synchrony between the guarding male and the female, and this might be traded against the cost of higher detectability from surrounding sneaker males, eavesdropping in close proximity.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Spawning behavior of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): Spawning synchrony, vibrational communication, and mate guarding

Brattli

Egeland

Nordeide

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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“…It has been suggested that “ for many current scientific fields, claimed research findings may often be simply accurate measures of the prevailing bias ” 126 . Widely held views on early embryo mortality may reflect an entrenched and biased view of the biology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early embryo mortality in natural human reproduction: What the data say

Jarvis

2016

F1000Res

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It is generally accepted that natural human embryo mortality during pregnancy is high – losses of 70% and higher from fertilisation to birth are frequently claimed. The first external sign of pregnancy occurs two weeks after fertilisation with a missed menstrual period. Establishing the fate of embryos before this is challenging, and hampered by a lack of data on the efficiency of fertilisation under natural conditions. Four distinct sources are cited to justify quantitative claims regarding embryo loss: (i) a hypothesis published by Roberts & Lowe in The Lancet is widely cited but has no quantitative value; (ii) life table analyses give consistent assessments of clinical pregnancy loss, but cannot illuminate losses at earlier stages of development; (iii) studies that measure human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) reveal losses in the second week of development and beyond, but not before; and (iv) the classic studies of Hertig and Rock offer the only direct insight into the fate of human embryos from fertilisation under natural conditions. Re-examination of Hertig’s data demonstrates that his estimates for fertilisation rate and early embryo loss are highly imprecise and casts doubt on the validity of his numerical analysis. A recent re-analysis of hCG study data suggests that approximately 40-60% of embryos may be lost between fertilisation and birth, although this will vary substantially between individual women. In conclusion, it is clear that some published estimates of natural embryo mortality are exaggerated. Although available data do not provide a precise estimate, natural human embryo mortality is lower than is often claimed.

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“…It is recommended that the endpoints and the original statistical plan are prespecified 47, 48. All analyses should be reported.…”

Section: The Role Of Statistics and Power Analysis In The Design Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonsignificant or negative results should also be reported to prevent other research groups from pursuing the same experiment. In the final results, it is recommended that direction and magnitude of the effect size, the statistical test and actual p‐value, and the 95% confidence intervals are reported 47, 48, 49…”

Section: The Role Of Statistics and Power Analysis In The Design Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not all that glitters is gold: A guide to critical appraisal of animal drug trials in epilepsy

Galanopoulou

Mowrey

2016

Epilepsia Open

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SummaryPreclinical studies have produced numerous drugs with antiseizure properties that currently are the standard of care. One third of the human population with epilepsy still continues to have seizures despite the ongoing discoveries. The recognized clinical gaps of care that need to be addressed are the identification of antiepileptogenic and disease‐modifying treatments, and treatments for refractory seizures or for seizures and epilepsies with limited or unsatisfactory treatments, such as early life epileptic encephalopathies. In this invited review, we provide a historical summary of the international efforts to reevaluate the strategies adopted in preclinical epilepsy therapy discovery studies. We discuss issues that may affect the quality, interpretation, and validation of preclinical studies and their translation to successful therapies for humans affected with epilepsy. These include the selection of animal models and the study design; research practices that affect rigor (such as appropriate use of statistics and reporting of study methods and results, their validation across models, labs, and preclinical‐clinical studies); the need to harmonize research methods and outcome assessment; and the importance of improving translation to clinically appropriate situations. The epilepsy research community is incrementally adopting collaborative research, including consortia or multicenter studies to meet these needs. Improving the infrastructure that can support these efforts will be instrumental in future success.

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Why Most Published Research Findings Are False

Cited by 8,274 publications

References 36 publications

Spawning behavior of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): Spawning synchrony, vibrational communication, and mate guarding

Spawning behavior of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): Spawning synchrony, vibrational communication, and mate guarding

Early embryo mortality in natural human reproduction: What the data say

Not all that glitters is gold: A guide to critical appraisal of animal drug trials in epilepsy

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