Wind-driven rain on the facade of a monumental tower: Numerical simulation, full-scale validation and sensitivity analysis

Numerical modeling of turbulent dispersion for wind-driven rain on building facades

“…10 shows the computational grid of the building. The grid, the boundary conditions and the solver settings are kept the same as in the previous WDR studies on the same building [26,29] for the sake of comparison. The inlet boundary conditions for the profiles for the mean wind speed and the dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy are similar to the ones described in section 4.2.1.…”

“…The rain events with minimum measurement errors have been selected according to the guidelines by Blocken and Carmeliet [11]. More detailed information on the WDR measurements can be found in [26]. Fig.…”

“…The measurements of reference wind speed, wind direction and horizontal rainfall intensity were performed at a meteorological station, located the north-west of the building [26]. The horizontal rainfall intensity was measured by a tipping bucket rain gauge with a horizontal orifice.…”

“…The EM model was validated by comparing the catch ratio values with available experimental data [26] and with the values estimated by the LPT model. In that work, the deviations of the numerical values from the experimental data, especially at the lower parts of the tower, were attributed to the fact that the modeling did not take the turbulent dispersion into account.…”

Modelling wind-driven rain on buildings in urbanized area using 3-D GIS and LiDAR datasets

“…The impact of this densification process on the building envelope has not been considered until now. Our knowledge on the interception of WDR by buildings gets regular inputs from the scientific literature [6,20,21]. However, too few studies have been carried out within the urban environment, where complex wind fields/buildings interactions must be considered [18,22,23].…”