Wind Energy Harvesting and Conversion Systems: A Technical Review

Abstract

Wind energy harvesting for electricity generation has a significant role in overcoming the challenges involved with climate change and the energy resource implications involved with population growth and political unrest. Indeed, there has been significant growth in wind energy capacity worldwide with turbine capacity growing significantly over the last two decades. This confidence is echoed in the wind power market and global wind energy statistics. However, wind energy capture and utilisation has always been challenging. Appreciation of the wind as a resource makes for difficulties in modelling and the sensitivities of how the wind resource maps to energy production results in an energy harvesting opportunity. An opportunity that is dependent on different system parameters, namely the wind as a resource, technology and system synergies in realizing an optimal wind energy harvest. This paper presents a thorough review of the state of the art concerning the realization of optimal wind energy harvesting and utilisation. The wind energy resource and, more specifically, the influence of wind speed and wind energy resource forecasting are considered in conjunction with technological considerations and how system optimization can realise more effective operational efficiencies. Moreover, non-technological issues affecting wind energy harvesting are also considered. These include standards and regulatory implications with higher levels of grid integration and higher system non-synchronous penetration (SNSP). The review concludes that hybrid forecasting techniques enable a more accurate and predictable resource appreciation and that a hybrid power system that employs a multi-objective optimization approach is most suitable in achieving an optimal configuration for maximum energy harvesting.

Renewable Energy from Wind Farm Power Plants in Peru: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

“…The main advantages highlighted in Table 15 are that the environmental impacts in the territory with this renewable energy technology are low, and it is also highlighted that its operation and maintenance are easy to execute, while it also generates important employment opportunities mainly during its construction stage [38,39]. On the other hand, some of the disadvantages observed are as follows: it is a discontinuous energy source; it is conditioned to the intensity and direction of winds which can change suddenly; and it is not compatible with being implemented in territories of protected natural areas and/or archaeological/cultural heritage [40,41].…”

Wind Speed Multi-Step Forecasting Using High- Resolution and Multi-Objective Ensemble Model With Error Correction

“…Nonetheless, achieving precise wind speed forecasts is a formidable task due to wind's inherent randomness, intermittence, and variability [3]. Thus, making accurate predictions are crucial for stable power system operation and competitiveness in the power market [4].…”

Silver-Assisted Hydrogen Evolution from Aluminum Oxidation in Saline Media

“…The exploration and wide implementation of renewable, environmentally friendly energy sources remains one of the most crucial modern challenges. The conservation, storage, delivery, and distribution of the harvested geothermal, solar, wind, and marine energy could be provided by the introduction of a secondary energy carrier, such as hydrogen [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The most remarkable features of that gas are its high heating value (141.8 MJ/kg) and the absence of greenhouse gas emissions from its combustion.…”