Wintertime PM10 and black smoke concentrations across Europe: results from the peace study

Hoek, Gerard; Forsberg, Bertil; Borowska, Margaret; Hławiczka, S.; Vaskövi, Éva; Welinder, Hans; Braniš, Martin; Beneš, I; Kotĕsovec, F; Hagen, Leif Otto; Cyrys, Josef; Jantunen, Matti; Roemer, W.; Brunekreef, Bert

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00158-1

Cited by 70 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Also, the difference between geographical locations was greater for elemental concentrations than for PM10 mass concentration. PM10 mass concentrations differed between urban and suburban locations by on average 22% [14]. Elemental concentrations for elements such as silicon, iron, zinc and lead differed more than two-fold in several locations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…PM10 levels were lowest in Northern Europe and higher in Eastern and Southern Europe. More details on PM10 levels during the study period can be found elsewhere [14]. In table 2, some descriptive statistics of the elemental concentrations are presented.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All panels were analysed separately, using the same methods used previously for PM10 and other components [12,14]. Individual daily PEF readings were transformed into a daily population variable representing the population mean for each day of the individual deviations from the child-specific mean PEF [12,17,18].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PM10 elemental composition and acute respiratory health effects in European children (PEACE project)

Roemer¹,

Hoek²,

Brunekreef³

et al. 2000

Eur Respir J

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The ability of particles with a 50% cut‐off aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm (PM10) to cause respiratory health effects possibly depends on their composition. This study evaluated whether the soluble elemental concentrations in PM10 were related to acute respiratory health effects. The Pollution Effects on Asthmatic Children in Europe (PEACE) study is a multicentre study of the acute effects of PM10 and other air pollution components on the respiratory health of children with chronic respiratory symptoms in urban and suburban panels. Children, 1208, divided among 17 panels were followed for ≥2 months. Exposure to air pollution was monitored on a daily basis. Health status was monitored by twice daily peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements and a symptom diary. Median concentrations of iron ranged 105–1,110 ng·m‐3 in the urban and 32–517 ng·m‐3 in the suburban locations. The daily concentrations of most elements were not associated with daily variation in PEF, prevalence of respiratory symptoms or bronchodilator use. Silicon and iron concentrations tended to be negatively associated with PEF, and positively associated with the prevalence of phlegm. In two pollutant models, PM10 effect‐estimates on phlegm prevalence were reduced and lost significance, whereas the effect‐estimates of iron or silicon remained essentially unchanged. The effects of silicon and iron could not be separated. In conclusion, this study provides only weak support for the hypothesis that daily fluctuations in soluble elemental concentrations in ambient particulate matter are responsible for acute health effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PM10 elemental composition and acute respiratory health effects in European children (PEACE project)

Roemer¹,

Hoek²,

Brunekreef³

et al. 2000

Eur Respir J

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“…thermal optical analysis) are expensive and destructive to the sample material. Because EC is the dominant light-absorbing substance in the atmosphere (Hoek et al, 1997;Horvath et al, 1996;Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998), an alternative way to estimate EC concentrations in the atmosphere as BS is to measure light absorption or reflectance of PM, collected on filter media. Several studies have reported that BS, derived from absorbance coefficients, is well correlated with the concentration of EC or soot and can be recommended as a valid and cheap indicator in studies on combustion-related air pollution and health (Cyrys et al, 2003;Götschi et al, 2002;Janssen et al, 2001;Kinney et al, 2000).…”

Section: Analysis Of Black Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

et al. 2006

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The general population is exposed to particulate air pollution from many different local and regional sources. Examples of local sources are traffic, biomass burning and resuspended dust, while regional sources are dominated by combustion processes from heating, traffic and industries. The overall aim of this thesis was to characterise the personal exposure to trace elements in fine particles, mainly PM 2.5 and investigate how the exposure is related to indoor and outdoor levels. Particulate matter was collected on filters and analysed for elemental content by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy.In the general population in Göteborg, personal exposures to Cl, Ca, Ti and Fe were significantly higher compared with indoor, residential outdoor and urban background levels. Significant correlations were also found between urban background PM mass and personal exposure to elements related to both combustion (S, V and Pb) and resuspended dust (Ti, Fe and Zn), indicating that both sources could be relevant for health effects from urban background PM. In a community where wood burning for domestic heating is common, significantly (66-80%) higher personal exposures and indoor levels were found for K, Ca and Zn compared with a reference group living in the same area, indicating that these elements could be good markers for wood smoke. In a study in Stockholm concerning children's environments (home, school and preschool), higher indoor than outdoor levels of Ti were found, while long-range-transported (LRT) elements (S, Ni, Br and Pb) were higher outdoors. A community located 25 km from the city centre had significantly lower outdoor levels of crustal and traffic-related elements compared with both the city centre and a suburban area. The levels of Fe and Cu were four times higher in the central communities. Outdoors, Cu levels were found to correlate well with the traffic marker NO 2 , making it a possible elemental marker for traffic-related aerosols in health studies. Roadside measurements of fine and ultrafine (<100 nm) particles were performed along a major approach road to Göteborg and the levels of ultrafine particles were influenced not only by traffic intensity, but also, by wind speed and direction, as well as boundary layer height. No correlation was found between PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles or traffic, but there was a correlation between PM 2.5 and particles sized 100-368 nm. In all environments studied, the origin of LRT air masses had a strong effect on exposure and levels of PM elements.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that elemental analysis is a useful method for better characterising human exposure to fine particles. For several elements, the personal exposure is often higher than corresponding indoor levels. The origin of LRT elements affected not only outdoor levels, but also, the personal exposure and indoor levels, and should be taken into account in time series studies of air pollution and health.

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“…The three cohort studies have been conducted in the US, and it is not clear as to what extent the findings apply in European circumstances with different air pollution mixtures. The PEACE project documented that in many European regions, including the Netherlands, PM 10 concentrations are currently at or above the highest concentrations observed in the two US cohort studies ( Hoek et al, 1997 ). There is, therefore, a clear need to replicate /refute the findings of the US cohort studies in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality

Hoek

Fischer

Brandt

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

Self Cite

138

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Recent prospective cohort studies have suggested that long -term exposure to low levels of particulate matter ( PM ) air pollution is associated with increased mortality due to, especially, cardio -pulmonary disease. Exposure to ambient air pollution was estimated mostly as city average concentrations, assuming homogenous exposure within the city. We used an ongoing cohort study -The Netherlands Cohort Study ( NLCS ) on diet and cancer -to investigate the relationship between traffic -related air pollution and mortality. The baseline data collection took place in 1986. A study was conducted to develop methods for exposure assessment and evaluate the contrast in exposure to air pollution within the cohort. Assessment of long -term exposure to two traffic -related air pollutants, Black Smoke ( BS ) and Nitrogen Dioxide ( NO 2 ) , consisted of separate estimation of regional background, urban background, and local traffic contributions at the home address. Interpolation of concentration data from a routine monitoring network was used to estimate the regional background concentration. A regression model relating degree of urbanization to air pollution was used to allow for differences between different towns / neighborhoods of cities. Distance to major roads was calculated to characterize local traffic contributions, using a Geographic Information System ( GIS ) . Interpolation resulted in reasonably precise regional background estimation when distant sites were not used and distance squared was used as the weight. Cross -validation showed that prediction errors were about 15% of the range in regional background concentration. Urban and local scales contributed significantly to the contrast within the cohort. Prediction errors for estimating the urban background were about 25% of the range in background concentrations. When the developed model was applied to the study cohort, there was substantial contrast in estimated exposure to BS and NO 2 . About 90% of the study population lived 10 years or more at its 1986 home address -supporting the use of the estimated concentration at the 1986 address as a relevant exposure variable.

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Wintertime PM10 and black smoke concentrations across Europe: results from the peace study

Cited by 70 publications

References 24 publications

PM10 elemental composition and acute respiratory health effects in European children (PEACE project)

PM10 elemental composition and acute respiratory health effects in European children (PEACE project)

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality

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