Wire arc defect localization and mathematical characterization by MCTDR reflectometry

Design of a connector for fault detection in eye bolts used as insulator anchorages

“…In the case of the faulty line shown in figure 3, it may be observed that reflections occur when the signal reaches its final length. In addition, due to the existence of frayed or corroded points along the line, the incident waves split into two other components; one for the transmitted (refracted) waves and another for the reflected waves, respectively [13][14][15].…”

“…The operation methodology uses a noninvasive method based on the principle of reflectometry and the theory of small reflections, where high frequency signals are injected into the structure under study. In the imminence of any discontinuity, caused by a variation of the transmission line geometry, as in the case of a corrosion, reflections and refractions occur [13,14]. In a subsequent assessment of these analyzes, it is possible to observe representative characteristics of the problem sites and their respective severity, which therefore indicates the need for maintenance.…”

A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

“…Reflectometry methods have been used for locating intermittent faults. These include TDR [ 74 , 75 ], multicarrier reflectometry [ 76 , 77 ], SSTDR [ 47 , 78 ], and CDR [ 79 ]. Locating intermittent faults means that the measurement system must be active at the time the fault occurs and be able to complete the test in the length of time the fault is present.…”