“…These MPPT techniques can be divided into three types: conventional, artificial-intelligence (AI), and hybrid-based techniques. Constant voltage control (CVC) (Kumar et al, 2014;Derbeli et al, 2021), Hill-Climbing (Jordehi, 2016;Amir et al, 2017;Pavithra et al, 2021), Perturb & Observe (P&O) (Esram and Chapman, 2007;Yilmaz et al, 2019;Mousa et al, 2021), Sliding Mode Control (SMC) based MPPT technique (Ahmed and Salam, 2016), Incremental Conductance (IC) (Li and Wang, 2009;Kumar et al, 2014;Mamarelis et al, 2014;Bendib et al, 2015), incremental resistance (IR) based MPPT (Chauhan et al, 2020), and fractional voltage/current (Elbaset et al, 2015) are conventional techniques having less complex behavior and are easy to implement. Among these, P&O and IC algorithms are more prevalent.…”