WITHDRAWN: Recent Advances and Perceptions in the Electrochemical Sensing of Plant Protecting Agrochemical Organic Pollutants

Abstract

Background: Plant protecting agrochemicals have significant contribution to enhance the crop production to meet the food requirement of upsurging global population. Meanwhile their long persistence, rampant aerial transit, bioaccumulation and resistance to degradation ascribe it as a catastrophic toxicant. Therefore the availability of early-warning and sensing systems for these toxic compounds especially organic toxicants, is inevitable due to uncontrollable environmental pollution by anthropogenic activities. Method: The literature and published papers available for electrochemical sensing of plant protecting synthetic agrochemicals namely insecticides, herbicides and acaricides were collected, critically evaluated and reviewed. Result: Compared to the conventional methods of quantification of organic pollutants, electrochemical sensors offer prospects of real time analysis, miniaturization, rapid response and on-site monitoring. Considering the diverse electrochemical sensing strategies designed for certain agronomically relevant plant protecting synthetic organic pollutants comes under organophosphate insecticides, carbamates, organochlorine insecticides, acaricides and herbicides, most widely reported sensors include voltammetric, amperometric and impedimetric sensors. Moreover microfluidic devices are also employed very recently for onsite detection and real-time monitoring. organic pollutants, electrochemical sensors offer prospects of real time analysis, miniaturization, rapid response and on-site monitoring. Considering the diverse electrochemical sensing strategies designed for certain agronomically relevant plant protecting synthetic organic pollutants comes under organophosphate insecticides, carbamates, organochlorine insecticides, acaricides and herbicides, most widely reported sensors include voltammetric, amperometric and impedimetric sensors. Moreover microfluidic devices are also employed very recently for onsite detection and real-time monitoring. Conclusion: This review describes state-of-the-art in electrochemical sensors specifically voltammetric, impedimetric, amperometric and potentiometric sensing strategies for the quantification of agrochemical organic pollutants.The emergence of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µ-PAD) by utilizing microfabrication technology and different electrode modifiers like metal-carbon nanocomposites, biorecognition elements could provide easy and sensitive detection of pollutants.