WITHDRAWN: The secret behind peripheral inflammation and depression: The hypothalamus

Abstract

In recent years there has been increasing evidence of an inflammatory component due to overstimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenals (HPA) in depression. The glutamate metabolites (glutamate and glutamine) are important metabolites that are involved in this stimulation. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of hypothalamic glutamate metabolites in depression and to investigate their relationship to peripheral inflammation. Participants with diagnosed depression (DE; n = 24) and control subjects without depression (HC; n = 25) were investigated. Hypothalamic glutamate metabolites were recorded using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Peripheral cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1β) were assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. For statistical analysis, generalized mixed models were computed using Poisson distributions and a log link function. The results show overall higher hypothalamic glutamate metabolites in DE compared to HC. High TNF-a and IL-1ß concentrations are associated with high hypothalamic glutamate metabolites in DE. These results provide initial evidence that, in depression, increased HPA axis activity is associated with peripheral inflammation favored by hypothalamic glutamate metabolites.

WITHDRAWN: Hypothalamic Myo-Inositol and Glucose concentrations, mood symptoms and fatigue in depression: a 3 Tesla chemical-shift-imaging in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study

“…This study's information comes from a database of a bigger project that involved participants with depression as well as healthy community controls, and that encompasses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion-tension-imaging (DTI), and in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS). Some results of this project were published elsewhere by Pedraz-Petrozzi et al 24 .…”

“…This 1 H-MRS imaging protocol included a T1-weighted magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE) image in sagittal position, a 1 H-MRS localizer protocol for chemical shift imaging (CSI), and a CSI with spin-echo sequence (SE) 1 H-MRS. Figure 1 shows the region of interest (ROI) used for this study 24 .…”

“…MPRAGE parameters were set to TR/TE = 1580 ms/2.3 ms, 176 slices, slice thickness = 0.94 mm, eld of view (FoV) = 240 mm x 240 mm, matrix size = 256 x 256 voxels, duration = 4 minutes and 29 seconds 24 . For running the 1 H-MRS localizer, images from the T1-weighted MPRAGE were used to locate the slice containing the hypothalamus (reference structures: thalamus, mammillary bodies, inferior and superior colliculi, pituitary gland, and fornix) 24 . The parameters were set to TR/TE = 6000 ms/115 ms, 1 slice group, 11 slices, FoV = 220 mm x 220 mm, slice thickness = 5 mm, distortion factor = 0%, duration = 1 minute and 14 seconds 24 .…”

“…Participants underwent a 1 H-MRS imaging protocol using a SIEMENS MAGNETROM Prisma 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner with a 64-channel head coil (Bender Institute for Neuroimaging, Faculty of Psychology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen). This study followed the data acquisition protocol of Pedraz-Petrozzi et al, published elsewhere 24 .…”

“…For running the 1 H-MRS localizer, images from the T1-weighted MPRAGE were used to locate the slice containing the hypothalamus (reference structures: thalamus, mammillary bodies, inferior and superior colliculi, pituitary gland, and fornix) 24 . The parameters were set to TR/TE = 6000 ms/115 ms, 1 slice group, 11 slices, FoV = 220 mm x 220 mm, slice thickness = 5 mm, distortion factor = 0%, duration = 1 minute and 14 seconds 24 . The parameters for the CSI with SE 1 H-MRS protocol were set to TR/TE = 1700 ms/30 ms, FoV = 160 mm x 160 mm, voxel size = 10 mm x 10 mm x 15 mm, volume of interest (VOI) = 80 mm x 80 mm, number of signal averaging = 3, duration = 6 minutes and 53 seconds 24 .…”