Wolbachia pipientis : A potential candidate for combating and eradicating dengue epidemics in Pakistan

Abstract

Dengue virus syndrome is an emerging global health challenge which is endemic in tropical countries like Pakistan. In recent years dengue incidences have increased considerably in different areas of Pakistan with more sever impacts on urban and peri-urban populations. This review is an effort to highlight the changing epidemiology of dengue fever, role of Government of Pakistan in disease management and control using preventive and community based approaches in the region. Moreover, there is an emphasis on application of Wolbachia as novel, inexpensive and environmentally benign candidate for control and eradication of dengue transmitting vectors.

How long is long enough? Decreasing on plant extract lethal effects, over time, affectingAedes aegyptilarval mortality

“…For this purpose, the use of synthetic insecticides is well known as being quite effective causing mosquito larvae mortality [9–13]. However, those chemicals might affect humans causing intoxication and environmental contamination, affecting biodiversity [9,10,12,13]. For the environment, the continuous use of synthetic insecticides may present undesirable effects, such as the long-term residence in the environment, selection of resistant populations and the appearance of new pests [10,12,13].…”

Dengue Fever in Pakistan, Episodes of Epidemic to Endemic: Treatment Challenges, Prevention and Current Facts

“…Pathogens are also eliminated through herbal agents as well as anti-viral amalgamations are in use against dengue virus. New modified anti-viral agents (against all four serotypes) that are safe, inexpensive but effective at the same time are, however, a growing need [9,37,38].…”

“…The augmentation of contagion depends upon the spread of virus. There are 2 principle vectors of dengue i.e., Aedes aegypti (most prevalent) and Aedes albopictus (the most invasive and protruding mosquito worldwide) [9]. The incubation period of dengue fever is 4-7 days.…”

“…Till 2010, the cases of dengue had come to light as an endless hazard for inhabitants reporting increased in incidents from 4500 to 21204. In view of the fact that dengue incidence was potentially pitched up to over four thousand cases annually and this larger and horrific estimate in recent past including 365 deaths with 21597 affirmative dengue cases convert this hazardous situation endemic to Pakistan [7][8][9]. An array in this estimate may be associated with poor reporting system [10][11][12].…”

“…The key factors that influencing the disease propagation in Pakistan are; increased residents rate, poor sanitation, inflation in population, unhygienic food and water, inadequate medical and pharmaceutical care facilities, co-morbidity, high illiteracy rate, less knowledge regarding vaccination, less awareness about preventive measures taken to prevent disease [9,[12][13]. Even though surveillance and official coverage of dengue to WHO from African and Eastern Mediterranean constituencies are poor, but in 2005-2006.…”