Wood

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Morphology and Properties 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Biology of Wood 1.2.1. Anatomy 1.2.1.1. Cell Types 1.2.1.2. Softwoods 1.2.1.3. Hardwoods 1.2.2. Secondary Changes 1.2.3. Cell Wall Formation and Architecture 1.3. Chemistry of Wood 1.3.1. Chemical Components of Wood 1.3.2. Distribution of Components in the Cell Wall 1.3.3. Macromolecular Structure of Cell Wall Components 1.4. Physical Properties 2. Wood‐Based Materials 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Laminate Bonding 2.2.1. Laminated Structural Timber (Glulam) 2.2.1.1. Development 2.2.1.2. Construction and Production 2.2.1.3. Properties 2.2.2. Veneers, Plywood, and Derived Products 2.2.2.1. Development 2.2.2.2. Production of Veneers 2.2.2.3. Principal Types of Plywood 2.2.2.4. Adhesives and Additives 2.2.2.5. Production of Veneer Plywood 2.2.2.6. Properties, Testing, and Uses 2.2.2.7. Engineered Wood 2.3. Particle Bonding 2.3.1. Particle Board 2.3.1.1. Development 2.3.1.2. Types of Particle Board 2.3.1.3. Raw Materials 2.3.1.4. Adhesives and Additives 2.3.1.5. Production 2.3.1.6. Properties, Testing, and Uses 2.3.2. Fiberboard 2.3.2.1. Development 2.3.2.2. Types of Fiberboard 2.3.2.3. Raw Materials 2.3.2.4. Binders and Additives 2.3.2.5. Production Processes 2.3.2.6. Properties, Testing, and Uses 2.3.3. Wood‐Based Materials with Mineral Binders 2.3.3.1. Cement‐Bonded Boards 2.3.3.2. Gypsum‐Bonded Board 2.3.3.3. Magnesia‐Bonded Boards 2.4. Surface Treatment 2.4.1. Veneers 2.4.2. Liquid Paints and Coatings 2.4.3. Coating with Sheets, Short‐Cycle Films, and Decorative Laminates 2.4.3.1. Coating with Foils 2.4.3.2. Decorative Films (Short‐Cycle Films) 2.4.3.3. Decorative Laminates 2.4.4. Properties, Testing, and Uses 2.5. Environmental and Toxicological Aspects 2.5.1. Wood Dust 2.5.2. Emissions 2.5.2.1. Emissions during Production of Wood‐Based Materials 2.5.2.2. Emissions from Finished Materials 2.5.3. Disposal 2.6. Polymer Wood 2.7. Economic Aspects

Ethylene Glycol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Impact of Lignin on Catalytic Hydrogenolysis

“…These are typically richer in extractives and ash and leaner in lignin, compared to woody biomass. 27,28 In view of the literature results and this work, it can be concluded that lignin inhibits the hydrogenation function but is not the key inhibitor on the EG yield.…”

“…Beyond the study by Li et al, all other studies share the choice for a herbaceous type biomass (Miscanthus, barley straw, Jerusalem artichoke, corn stalk). These are typically richer in extractives and ash and leaner in lignin, compared to woody biomass. , In view of the literature results and this work, it can be concluded that lignin inhibits the hydrogenation function but is not the key inhibitor on the EG yield.…”

Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydroprocessing of Organosolv Lignin in Sub- and Supercritical Solvents

“…Lignin, a natural biopolymer, is a renewable raw material , and constitutes up to 30% of the weight and 40% of the heating value of lignocellulosic biomass . It is produced in large quantities (50 million tons on an annual production, of which only 2% for commercial use) as a byproduct of the pulping industry (Kraft process or organosolv route mainly using EtOH as a solvent) and during the pretreatment processes in cellulosic ethanol plants for bioethanol manufacture. It remains soluble in the strongly alkaline black liquor and is mainly burned for recovery of inorganic chemicals (Na and S), heat, and power generation.…”

Cellulosic glycols: an integrated process concept for lignocellulose pretreatment and hydrogenolysis

“…tungstate poisons), such as calcium and magnesium, from the biomass. Carbonates and oxalates of calcium and magnesium, which are typically present in lignocellulosic biomass, 22 are poorly soluble in water (e.g. K sp CaCO 3 (Calcite) = 10 -8.5 mol L −2 , from Al Omari et al), 23 Dissolution of these species can be achieved by acidifying the solution.…”