Woody Tree Architecture

Sterck, Frank J.

doi:10.1002/9781119312994.apr0170

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 110 publications

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“…This widening is relatively faster close to the apex or leaves and slower further down (Anfodillo et al ., ). Likewise, these conduits widen from inner older rings towards the younger outermost rings (Olson et al ., ), because each new growth ring is associated with a taller plant and a longer distance to the corresponding apex and leaves (Sterck, ; Rosell et al ., ). Woody plants thus overcome the hydraulic resistance while growing taller and they renovate the xylem transport system correspondingly, as observed by the linear scaling between xylem vessel diameter (at least in the outermost rings of the stem) and plant size (Olson et al ., ; Rosell et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent xylem widening among organs across diverse woody seedlings

Zhong

Castro‐Díez

Puyravaud³

et al. 2019

New Phytologist

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Summary Xylem conduit diameter (Dmax) of woody angiosperm adults scales with plant size and widens from the stem apex downwards. We hypothesized that, notwithstanding relative growth rate (RGR), growth form or leaf habit, woody seedling conduit Dmax scales linearly with plant size across species; this scaling should be applicable to all vegetative organs, with consistent conduit widening from leaf via stem to main root and coupling with whole‐leaf area and whole‐stem xylem area. To test these hypotheses, organ‐specific xylem anatomy traits and size‐related traits in laboratory‐grown seedlings were analyzed across 55 woody European species from cool‐temperate and Mediterranean climates. As hypothesized, conduit Dmax of each organ showed similar scaling with plant size and consistent basipetal widening from the leaf midvein via the stem to the main root across species, independently of growth form, RGR and leaf habit. We also found a strong correlation between Dmax and average leaf area, and between stem xylem area and whole‐plant leaf area. We conclude that seedlings of ecologically wide‐ranging woody species converge in their allometric scaling of conduit diameters within and across plant organs. These relationships will contribute to modeling of water transport in woody vegetation that accounts for the whole life history from the trees’ regeneration phase to adulthood.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent xylem widening among organs across diverse woody seedlings

Zhong

Castro‐Díez

Puyravaud³

et al. 2019

New Phytologist

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Linkage mapping of the Mediterranean cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, based on molecular and morphological markers

Hamamouch¹,

Maios²,

Harfouche³

et al. 2011

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Gene mapping for a Cupressus species is presented for the first time. Two linkage maps for the Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) varieties, C. sempervirens var. horizontalis and C. sempervirens var. pyramidalis, were constructed following the pseudo-testcross mapping strategy and employing RAPD, SCAR and morphological markers. A total of 427 loci (425 RAPDs, two SCARs) representing parents and F 1 progeny were screened for polymorphism with 32 random decamer and two SCAR primers. A morphological marker defined as "crown form" was also included. Of 274 polymorphic loci, the 188 that presented Mendelian inheritance formed the mapping dataset. Of these loci, 30% were mapped into seven linkage groups for the horizontalis (maternal) and four linkage groups for the pyramidalis (paternal) map. The putative "crown form" locus was included in a linkage group of both maps. The horizontalis and the pyramidalis maps covered 160.1 and 144.5 cM, respectively, while genome length was estimated to be 1696 cM for the former variety and 1373 cM for the latter. The four RAPD markers most tightly linked to crown form were cloned and converted to SCARs. Each of the cloned RAPD markers yielded two to three different sequences behaving as co-migrating fragments. Two SCAR markers, SC-D05 432 and SC-D09 667 , produced amplified bands of the expected sizes and maintained linkage with the appropriate phenotype, but to a lesser extent compared to their original RAPD counterparts. These linkage maps represent a first step towards the localization of QTLs and genes controlling crown form and other polygenic traits in cypress.

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Rejuvenating old, senile orchards of tropical and subtropical fruits for enhanced production and improved quality: A review

KUMAR

2015

Indian J Agri Sci

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Fruit production addressing the challenges of nutritional and livelihood securities, needs strategic planning and proper interventions for higher productivity and improved quality. In this context harnessing full production potential of perennial fruit crops, is necessary for ensuring sustainability and competitiveness of the industry and profitability to the growers. Majority of the perennial fruit crop orchards across vast tract of the country are characterized by the prevalence of old and unproductive trees with reduced fruiting potential (30-35%). The prolonged neglect in their management practices virtually make them unproductive. Replacing the old orchards through a new plantation is a more demanding process. Rejuvenation technology encompassing reiterative pruning, top-working and canopy rebuilding for augmenting productivity could be a viable option to be exploited for restoring health and vigour of the trees to ensure profitability of the orchards. Rejuvenation techniques confers multiple benefits such as early transformation and quality production from old unproductive, senile trees by better sunlight interception, utilization and efficient use of open space and applied inputs. The productivity augmentation is found to the tune of 2 - 6 times in various fruit crops through this technology has been demonstrated successfully in the recent past. Besides reiterative pruning, cultural operations like nutrition, irrigation, intercropping, mulching and plant protection measures need to be carried out properly and carefully to help improving soil health, tree vigour and production efficiency. However, faster adoption of this technology warrants that some physiological apprehensions of the growers that the old perennial trees will die after heavy pruning and they require abnormally long time to rebuild their canopy and bear profitability need to be removed through large scale field demonstrations. The technology is economically viable and can bring noticeable change in productivity of declining old orchards. Further research on physiology of shoot growth and bearing of severly pruned trees will not only help refinement of actual pruning process but also the associated cultural practices that are essentially required to expedite the whole re-invigorating process.

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Woody Tree Architecture

Abstract: The sections in this article areIntroductionAnatomyMechanisms and ConstraintsInter‐Specific PatternsIntra‐Specific PatternsWithin‐Tree PatternsApplications in ForestryConclusionsAcknowledgments

Cited by 3 publications

References 110 publications

Convergent xylem widening among organs across diverse woody seedlings

Convergent xylem widening among organs across diverse woody seedlings

Linkage mapping of the Mediterranean cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, based on molecular and morphological markers

Rejuvenating old, senile orchards of tropical and subtropical fruits for enhanced production and improved quality: A review

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